^!>:.

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144

ON rrKICUI.AUIA NKCLECTA.

£•^1.

JE5_I

Sussex, Surrey, Xotts ; perliaps, also (judging by the smaller bladders), from Hants, Suffolk, Norfolk ; all of them formerly labelled as vulffans" {\). 549). Supposing the highly probable supposition that the six counties thus enumerated by Mr. Watson all produce Z7. neghcfa {and his marks of distinction are so apt that from him, short its they are, this is not venturesome), we have eight counties in southern England, from which it stands recorded up to 1870. To these may now be added Cornwall and Kent. The former I obtain from !Mr. Darwin's " Insectivorous Plants,''* and I believe, too, that Mr. Elow showed me a Record Club specimen from that county which was this species : the latter (Kent) is based upon what I stated at the commencement of these remarks. I have further seen a poorish specimen from as far north as Lancashire that I incline to put here rather than io vulgaris ; audit maybe worth while to note that there is a fine specimen from a third Essex locality in the British Museum Her- bai-ium, from the old collection of (Sir) John Hill. This gives definite records for three of Mr. Gibson's botanical divisions of that county.

Some younoj botanists may wish to inquire whether the two allied species are difficult to distinguish, and I would say, in anticipation, certainly not. I do not see how they can be confounded in fair-grown living plants, nor yet in decently dried specimens. As usual the description and contrasting points, as stated by Mr. Syme (now Dr. Boswell), picture the plant to life, and the shorter description in Dr. Hooker's " Student's Flora " is admirable. Prof. Babington's descrip- tion is wanting in vitality, and I did not readily catch the meaning of " 1. more distant, bladders on both stem and leaves" — which I now find is a quotation from Lehmann's original description. The new E. B. plate will help to confuse, whilst the trans- ferred old one of U. vulgaris I call good. To ray notion the figure in "Flora Danica," J 2, 1981, is better than that in Reichen- bach's " Icones," unless, indeed, it should ultimately prove that two Bub-specics exist on the Continent to which the name V. neglecta is applied, and for this being the case there is some evidence in the herba- rium (now incorporated atKew) of M. Gay, who wont so far as to separate a distinct-looking plant under the MS. name U. gaUoprovincialis, with the remark that it was perhaps new, or at least new to Europe. To those who have the opportunity it will be advantageous to compare the " Fl. Danica" representation with that of U. vulgaris in the same work(l, 138).

The itrominent marks of distinction in well-grown plants at a corresponding stage of development and approaching maturity are: —

U. ncgJeda. Pedicels slender, four to six times as long as the calyx, straight and ascending after flowering ; bracts lanceolate, upper corolla- lip y)rojecting considerably beyond the small palate, wliich occupies only about one-fifth of the superficies of the lower lip, the remaining portion or flange of which spreads horizontally ; bladders about one- tenth of an inch in length.

* " The plants -which I first received as Uti ieularia vulgaris from the New Forest in Hampshire and from Cornwall, and which I have chiefly worked on, have been determined by Dr. Hooker to be a very rare British species, the Utrtculuria neglecta of Lehm." The New Forest specimens were sent by Rev. H. M. Wilkinson, of Bistern ; the Cornish, from near Penzance, by Mr. Ralfs (p. 395).

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ON UTIUCULAKIA NEGLECTA.

145

iiuk

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■. To its at a

TJ. vulgaris. Pedicels thick, two to three times as long as the calyx, recurved and reflexed after flowering ; bracts ovate, palate large and prominent, projecting out about as far as the length of the upper corolla-lip and occupying a full third of the superficies of the lower lip, whilst the free portion does not spread, but is reflexed all round ; bladders twice the size (about one-fifth inch) of the above.

In general terms U. vulgaris is a thicker and coarser plant than V. neglecta, and, in the fresh specimens I have seen, had approximately orange-yellow versus lemon-yellow flowers. Whilst to the former plant we might apply such words as clumsy and peculiar-looking, we should, in contrast, say of the latter graceful and handsome. If we search for other marks of difi'erence than those already mentioned, they ofi'er in plenty — e.g., the angle at which the leaf-pinnae are arranged upon their common stalks, the different appearances of the hyber- nacula, &c. — and if we work at microscopic distinctions, such may be detected in the number of the bristles that are inoculated in the notches along the edge of the leaf-segments (three or four in a bunch in vulgaris against a single one in neglecta — Darwin) ; also in the number of the multicellular bristles that proceed from the margin of the bladder above the valvular aperture, and in the number borne by the two long prolongations which Mr, Darwin, carrying on his similitude of the bladder to an entomostracan crustacean, calls, for the sake of convenience, the antennm. Whether there is any constant interval between the periods of flowering of the two species I am not prepared to say ; my Kent plant was in good and progressing flower- ing state on ISth Sept., and TI. vulgaris I have seen in like condition in Cheshire on 8th July. Perhaps there is a second crop of flowers.

Although I have little doubt that U. neglecta has sometimes been called U. intermedia^^ there is, as far as we are concerned, an un- bridgeable gulf between the two. If TJ. intermedia is kept to what Hayne had in view in founding the species, it is as distinct a plant as well can be, and holds an established position through North Europe, North America, and North Asia. I suppose it is the invitingly con- venient name that has fathered to it such a miscellaneous assemblage of ill-conditioned, unnameable odds and ends of Utricularia as we sometimes see so called, and which would appear to have created with some a suspicion as to the integrity of the species. It, in contra- distinction to U. neglecta, has evidently an attachment to the same kind of locality and surroundings as U. mitior. Notwithstanding its wide distribution with us, the plant in flower is one of the rarest in the British catalogue. The only fine specimens that I have seen in this state are some collected by Mr. Borrer in August, 1840, from " boggy pools and streams on Scotland Heath, Corfe Castle," a station mentioned by Mr. Mansel-Pleydell in his "Flora of Dorset." They are exactly like Hayne's figure.

Where U. intermedia has been recorded from an unlikely habitat

■ ^^
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• ^«r	«g

* In the Borrer collection at Kew is a specimen which probably comes under neglecta, received from Rev. J. Dalton, with the ticket inscribed, " U. intermedia. Is it right ? All I have. Sent by old Parson Holme from Cam- bridgeshire." Mr. Borrer adds his reply to the query, •' I think not."

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THE

JOURNAL OF BOTANY,

BRITISH AND FOREIGN.

EDITKU BY

HENRY TRIXEN, M.B., F.L.S.

BRITISH MUSEUM.

XEW SERIES. VOL. V.

(vol. XIV. OF THE ENTIRE WORK.)

illuptratetf Suttij piatc^ aiitf asaaolfcuts.

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1876.

b(r

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THE "JOURNAL OF BOTANY."— NEW SERIES.

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THE

JOURNAL OF BOTANY,

BRITISH AND FOREIGN. .,,^^

__Vv' Y0«^

RUMEX RUPESTRIS, Le Gall, AS A BRITISH PLANT.

By Henhy Tkimen, M.B., F.L.S.

(Tab. 173.)

That the species of Dock in this country will still reward exami- nation is evidenced by the satisfactory determination of R. rupestris as a native of the West of England, some account of which will be found in the last year's volume (1875, pp. 294, 337). It is true that this species has been before us since 1862, when Prof. Babington men- tioned it with some reserve in the fifth edition of his Manual, as found in Jersey ; but the Channel Islands cannot be considered part of our country botanically, and this Dock does not seem to have been recorded as since met with there. The species has thus remained misunderstood or unknown by British botanists till Mr. Archer Briggs' fine suite of specimens and careful notes have now cleared up the matter.

The first indication in books of this Dock is in Lloyd's " Flore de la Loire Inferieure " (1844), where under R. conglomeratus (p. 222) is the note " plus robuste, feuil. epaisses, fruits plus gros dans les sables et sur les rochers maritimes," but no varietal name is there given to it. The plant had, however, been recognised as worth attention before this time, for in 1834 M. J. Gay grew it at Paris from wild ISTor- mandy seed, specimens then raised by him being labelled " R. con- glomeratus, var. orthocladaP The date of the observation of the plant in Jersey by Mr. Newbould and Prof. Babington was 1842. Accord- ing to Meisner, Le Gall named it R. rupestris in 1849, but the first description of that species which I have seen is in Le Gall's " Elore de Morbihan" (p. 501), the date of which is 1852. In this accurate book the characters are shortly and clearly given, and the plant is stated to grow in the clefts of maritime rocks in Belle-ile, where it was refound by Col. Debooz in 1847, and at Quiberon, Saint Gildas, ^ and Arradon on the neighbouring coast. Since the date of Le Gall's ' Flora, R. rupestris had been recorded from other localities on the coast of Brittany and of Vendee, and also on the western shores of Normandy, at Cap de Carteret, several places near Cherbourg (where ^.. the late M. Thuret first gathered it in 1853), &c. Quite recently it Q^ has been met with in tlie He d'Ouessant, the most western portion •eg;; of France, in the latitude of Falmouth, I have not found a record of its occurrence on any other part of tlie French coast. Nyman in N.s. VOL. 5. [January, 1876.] b

HUM EX ItlTKSTiaS.

the supplement to his Syllog;e gives it as Spanish (Galicia), hut it is not mentioned in the more recently published " Trodromus Fl. Hispanica) " of Willkomm and Lange. It is not known from elsewhere iu Europe.

From this distribution — W. Normandy and Brittany and their outlying islets, Vendee, and perhaps Galicia — one was quite prepared to find the plant on our own western coast, and as it has now been observed in the Scilly Isles by Mr. Beeby, near Helston by Mr. Cunnack, and near Plymouth by Mr. Briggs,* there is every reason to expect it as a pretty frequent plant on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall. The localities in which the plant occurs on our western shores are precisely the same as in France. Mr. Briggs writes : — ''It seems to be a truly maritime species, being absolutely confined to the coast line, where it grows on low damp rocks and in sandy or stony spots, but rarely extending for a yard or two up the side of a clitf." All the French writers agree in regarding it as a plant strictly of maritime tendency, and, as indicated by its name, specially growing at the loot of rocks.

The following description is made entirely from Mr. Briggs' series of English specimens : —

RcMEX KUPESTRis, Le Gall, in Congres Scient. do France, 1849, 1,

p. 143 (ex Meisner); Flore de :\[orhihan, p. 601 (1852);

Lloyd, Fl. de I'Ouest de la France, p. 388 (1854) ; Nyman,

Suppl. Syll. Europ., p. 56 ; Gren. & Godr., Fl. tie France,

iii., p. 37 ; Boreau, Fl. du Centre, ed. 3, ii., p. 552 ; Brebis-

son, Fl. de la Normandie, ed. 3, p. 260.

R. conglomeratus, var. ortltoclada, J. Gay in sched.

R. sanguineus, L., var. (3. viridis, Sm., Meisner in DC. Prod., xiv.

(1856), p. 49.

Stem about 2 feet high, stiff ; branches confined to the upper half

of the stem, rather numerous, straight, erect, all falling short of the

central main stem, and with it forming a slender, rather compact,

acute or slightly attenuated panicle. Root-leaves on stalks 3 or 4 inches

long, narrowly oblong or oblong-lanceolate, about 7 inches long by

1 1 wide at the broadest part (the middle), with no tendency to be

ovate or panduriform, but tapering slightly and nearly equally at each

end, apex blunt or subacute, base slightly tapering or rounded, often

unsyrametrical ; stem-leaves linear-lanceolate or even nearly linear,

slightly rounded (not at all cordate) at the base, bluntish at apex ; all

rather thick, with the margins somewhat undulated. Whorls numerous,

distinct but rather close, moderately full, the lower two or three of each

branch with a leaf, the remainder leafless. Flowers drooping, on long

])edicels which are jointed below the middle, but not close to the

base ; petals very blunt. Fruit] : — Ripe petals narrowly ovate-oblong

or oblong, scarcely tapering, fully \ inch long, the larger ones more,

very blunt at the apex, entire, closely enveloping the nut, and each

• The most easterly spot in which it has as yet been noticed by Mr. Briggs is close hy Bigbury Bay, about 9 miles to the east of Plymouth.

t It is convenient to inchide under the term "fruit" both the enclosed nut (true fruit) and the enlarged porsistont petals which share its development after fertilisation.

RUMEX KtrPESTRIS. d

bearing a fully developed tubercle, which is very large and prominent, covering nearly the whole width of the petal, oblong-ovoid, at least ^ inch long by i^ broad, opaque almost pearly white when growing, sometimes suffused with purplish-red on exposure (golden-orange and finely shagreened on the surface when dry). Nut bright pale brown, shining, faces broadly oval or ovate, pointed, about ie inch wide.

Whether these characters are sufficient to constitute R. rupestris a distinct species is of course a matter of opinion. They approximate it closely to R. conglomeratus, of which it may be a variety, but from which it can be distinguished without difficulty by its com- pact, upright habit with a tapering panicle confined to the upper part of the stem, its narrower and more oblong root-leaves, its few and narrow whorl-leaves, and its very much larger and blunter fruit-petals and larger nut.

It is the constant combination of these distinctions that must be looked at. Singly the most important seem to be the large size and form of the ripe-petals, tubercles, and fruit, and the characteristic habit ; the latter has been very fairly likened by Grenier and Godron to that of the N. American R. saUcifoUiis, Weinm. At the same time it must be allowed that R. conglomeratus is a plant of a wide variability, and is frequently met with under forms which depart from the characters given in books. The type of this species may be considered to be a straggling plant with divaricate branches, broad- based stem-leaves which accompany every whorl except the very ter- minal ones, and small fruit ; but there occur states which modify all these points. A plant with ascending branches, narrower stem-leaves, and most of the whorls leafless is not unfrequently named R. viridis or R. nemorosus, and is in my opinion the plant gathered in Sussex and considered " trigranulate nemorosus " by Dr. Boswell in the last " Exchange Club Report," and perhaps also that figured in " English Botany," on which see a note in the last volume (1875, p. 337). R. nemorosus (R. sanguineus, (3. viridis ; R. Nemolapatlmm) seems to me quite removed from R. rupestris, and very little prone to variation ; it can be usually recognised by its tall, slender, lax habit, few but large an -I somewhat flaccid stem-leaves, quite leafless whorls (except the basal one or two), and single tubercle, which is globular. Stress has been laid by some botanists on the position of the joint in the pedicel as a distinctive mark between R. conglomeratus and J?, nemorosus ; this character is difficult to lay hold of, being quite comparative. 1 think, however, that the joint will be found to be, as generally stated, nearer the base in the latter than in the former ; sometimes it is certainly quite close to the stem in nemorosus, so that when the fruit falls, carrying the distal portion of the pedicel with it, the remaining stump is a mere tubercle, instead of, as in con- glomeratus usually, a distinct stalk. The colour of the unopened anthers in the young flowers is also said to afford a good distinctive character, being pale cream-coloured in conglomeratus and pale (bright) sulphur yellow in nemorosus.

It may be convenient to give references to the published figures of these two species, in continuation of notices of other British species which have been from time to time printed in this Journal.

b2

'i GUSTAVE THTJRET.

R. coNni.oMKT^ATrs, Jllnrr. /'■'if/u/c.'i.—l\-ti\er,Hiirh. Brit. Catal. (1713), t. ii., ii-. 3, 4; Env:. Jiut.., t. 724 ("72. acuiiis "), reprod. (witli un alioration) iu Syine E. Eot., viii., t. mccx. ; Lein:hton, Fl. Shropshire, J). 153 (petals aiul fruit); Fl. Danica, xiii., t. 222H ; Sturm, Deutsclil. FI., bd. 17, helt 73, t. 4; Keicheiib., Iconoj!:r. liot., iv., t. 3G8 ("72. ///flwm/^?<.9"); Ileichenb., I.e., t. 367 ("7i!. N^emolapathum") \ E. liot., t. 1533 ("7?. sanguineun'") roprod. (with details of ^. nemorosun) in !Syme E. J^)t., viii., t. mccxi. Exsicc. — Fries, Herb. Norm., ix., n. 57; Reichenb., Ex.sioe., r. 1378 (" 72. Ncmolapaikwi") ; liillot, n. 3766 ; Bourgeau, PI. Canar., n. 963 & 964.

R. NKMouosus, Schrad. (Ii. sanguineus, Jj , & E. viridia, Sibth ). Figurca. — Fetiver, I.e., fipj. 5, 6 ; Curtis, Fl. Lond., fasc. 3*

{^^ R. acutus") ((xcept details, whieh are 72. conglomerattis) ;

Fl. Daniea, I.e., t. 2229; Leigliton, I.e., p. 153 (petals and

fruit); Sturm, I.e., tt. 5 & 6 ; Nees, PI. Medic., t. 108 &

(root) t. 109. Exsicc. — Fries, Herb. Norm., i., n. 53 ; Billot, n. 3767.

DESCRirTiDN OP Tad. 173. Rnnicx rnpcstris, Lo Gall, from a small apocimon collected hy Mr. ArfhcT J?rii<t<a at Hii^bury Bay, S. Devon. 1. Upper part of stem, in fruit 2. A root- loaf. 3. Kipe "fruit." 4. A petal with the tubercle removed. .5. Nut. (The detailp, as well a.s those of R. co)ujlonicr(itus and li. ncmorosus added at the upper part of the plate, all X 4 diam.)

GUSTAVE THURET.

The loss of Gustavo Thuret will be deeply felt by all botanists. For niorc! than thirty years he had been known to the scientific worhl as a most accurate observer, whose writings combined a scientific pre- cision and clearness with a rare beauty of style. As a friend he was always genial and hospitable, ever ready to aid those interested in his favourite pursuit, while, on the other hand, to those who differed from his views he was always liberal and just. Few botanists have been so uniformly fortunate as he. He was fortunate in his wealth, which enabled him to devote his whole time to scientific study ; fortunate in his amiability, wliich prevented personal enmities ; fortunate in his friends, who aided him while living ; and especially fortunate in leaving a successor capable of carrying on the work to which ho had devoted so many years.

Thuret sprang from a French family who, in consequence of their adhesion to tlio Protestant faith, had been obliged to take refuge in Holland after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. His fatlier, who had been appointed Consul-General of Holland in France, took up his residence in Paris, where Gustavo Adolphe was born, May 23rd, 1817. His early education was conducted at home, and later he attended the lectures of the Ecole de Droit, and in his twenty-first year received

« Sir J. E. Smith (E. Flora., ii , 191, 192) strangely enough refers this cha- racl eristic figure to his li. ucvlun (=^R. confflonuiulus).

UBhird-iLct i-.th

'Mii^'lure & Macd'maiUiilljJjODd^

Rumex nipestxis, Le OaR-.

OUSTAVE THUEET. 5

the degree of Liceneie. In the meanwhile he made occasional journeys on the Continent and in England, but he never made any long stay in the latter country, although he had studied the language so as to be able to speak it with fluency. After obtaining his degree Thuret passed much of his time at his father's residence, Chateau Keutilly, near Lagny. It soon became evident that, although he had studied law as a profession, he had no real fondness for it, but, instead, showed a decided preference for music. His passion for music was the means of his forming an acquaintance with M. A. de Villers, who, besides being a musician, was something of a botanist, and had accompanied Adrien de Jussieu on his excursions. From him Thuret took his first lesson in determining plants, and, as doubtful species were re- ferred by M. Villers to Decaisne, Thuret himself was led to seek out the Parisian botanist. Accordingly, in the winter of 1839, he went to Paris and received instruction in botany from Decaisne, and the friend- ship then began lasted unbroken until the time of his death.

At that time Decaisne was occupied with his " Essais sur uno classification des Algues etdes Polypiers Calcifferes," and he naturally led Thuret to the study of Alga). The question then attracting the attention of botanists was the motile states of the lower plants, or, as it was often stated, the change of plants into animals, and for the study of tliis subject Algae were admirably adapted. The preference of Thuret for plants in motion, for living plants rather than dead and pressed specimens, was early manifested, and in 1840 his first pub- lished work, " JSote sur I'anthere du Chara, et les animalcules qu'elle renferme," appeared in the " Annales des Sciences." In the same year he went to Constantinople as an attache of the French Embassy, and, still retaining his fondness for plants, made extensive collections of Phanerogams in the neighbourhood of that city.

In 1844 Decaisne and Thuret were occupied in the preparation of a paper entitled '' Recherches sur les antheridies et les spores." Ac- cording to Thuret, Decaisne was the first who taught that marine Algae should be studied in sea-water, for, although it now seems self-evi- dent, before that time botanists had examined marine Alga3 after they had been standing in fresh water, and what were recorded as pheno- mena of plant-life were often nothing but the destructive eftects of the fresh water. In order to secure new material for the preparation of their work, Thuret and Descaisne went to the sea-shore at Arro- manches. From this time Thuret devoted himself almost exclusively to the study of Algae. The Academy had in 1847 ofi"ered a prize for the best essay on zoospores and antherozoids, and he spent the greater part of his time at the sea-shore in collecting material for the elaboration of this subject. He frequently visited JSTormandy and Erittany, and found Cherbourg better adapted for study than any other locality. He was often accompanied by Iliocreux, with whose ex(^uisite drawings all botanists are familiar, and it was at Cherbourg that he enjoyed the society of Bornet and Lejolis. The Algae of the coast of the North of France were studied by these botanists more thoroughly than those of any other coast have ever been. In midwinter as well as summer collections were made, and the life-history of the different species was cleared up as it never could have been in the laboratories of Paris. At length, however, the climate of Cherbourg and the

g GUSTAVE TIIUKICT.

exposure to the water in winter affected Thuret's health, and, being troubled with asthma, he sought a residence on the Mediter- ranean, where there would be an abundance of Algje and a mild climate. Unfortunately, collecting on the ^Eediterranean is not easy, as there is almost no tide, and the algologist is at the mercy of the wind. At length Antibes was selected as a spot suitable for a residence and at the same time convenient for collecting, and a tract of rather wild-looking land was purchased, which soon became one of the famous gardens of Europe, in spite of the belief of the neighbouring villagers that nothing would grow there. Into this retreat Thuret withdrew in company with his friend Bomet, and it is in connection with Antibes that the latter part of his life is always associated, as he only left his garden when the heat of summer drove him to the Atlantic shores.

One who has travelled in the South of France will not easily for- get the picturesque beauty of Antibes, situated halfway between Nice and Cannes, with a magnificent view of Nice sheltered by snow- covered mountains on the one hand, and on the other the Estrelle and the historic island of Sainte Marguerite. The brilliant canvas of Horace Vemet in the Louvre recalls the time when Antibes was not only picturesc^ue, but an important naval station of France ; but now the only excitment is an occasional cavalcade of English tourists from Cannes, and the inhabitants are as tranquil as the remains of their Koman amphitheatre. Situated on a slight eminence of what is known as the Cap d' Antibes, M. Thuret's house commanded a beautiful view of the Bay of Nice, and on clear mornings the tips of the mountains of Corsica could be seen in the far south. The lawn which extended on both sides of the house was in the spring brilliant with the flowers of Anemone coronaria, while clambering over the porch and covering one side of the house was a magnificent Boiigainvillea, whose purplish- rose flowers were in striking contrast with the smaller Cacti and suc- culent plants beneath. On the opposite side of the house stood a group of odd-looking Proteaceous plants in fruit, which seemed like strangers who had just stepped out of the house to enjoy the view. Beyond the lawn rose a cluster of shrubs and trees, the central point of which was a large Eucalyptus globulus, whose dark drooping leaves were relieved by brilliant masses of Acacia blossoms, whoso fragrance filled the garden. It is unnecessary to dwell upon the beauties of the garden, upon the rock work covered with rare species of Sedum, Scmper- vivum, Mesemhrymithemum, Aloe, the curious shrubs hidden under the trees, the Liliacea, which the visitor from the north could hardly believe were growing wild, the vivid green of the camphor trees, the sombre drooping Casuarhm, the glittering foliage of Grevillea robusta, or the picturesque irregularity of the olives.

Surrounded by all that a dcliglitful climate and a prolific vegeta- tion could afford, Thuret devoted himself without interruption to the care of his garden and to his studies in the company of his friend, Dr. Edouaixl Bornet, a pupil of Lcveille, with wliom he had become acQuainted in Paris, and with whom he had passed considerable time at Cherbourg. Between these two botanists there existed a most inti- mate friendship. Although personally very unlike, they were one in sympathy, one in their devotion to science, in their love of minute

GTJSTAVE THITRET, 7

investigation, in their generous treatment of younger botanists. Thure!; was tall, and his complexion seemed light as his hair had become rather gray. His manner was stately without being formal, and in conversation he spoke slowly. Bornet, on the contrary, was short, of very dark complexion, and spoke rapidly. Thuret was slightly English in his manner, Bornet decidedly French. In his villa at Antibes, Thuret was sheltered from the crowd of tourists who winter at Nice and Cannes, and even visits from, his botanical friends were not very frequent. A.t different times younger botanists visited Antibes for the purpose of studying Algfe, and to such he was always most friendly, placing his books and collections at their disposal. That none came to Antibes who were not charmed by his hospitality, and astonished at his minute knowledge of Algae, Woronin, Faminzin, Janczewski, Rostafinski, Cornu, and the writer of this notice can testify. His house was full of drawings, notes, and prepai ations of Algse, and it required but a single question to start him upon a dis- sertation, if one may use the word, which was often prolonged to several hours, to the delight, at the same time discouragement, of his younger hearers. When the heat of summer became intense, Thuret left with Dr. Bornet for Paris, and, after remaining with their families and friends there for a few days, they kept on to the Atlantic shore, and studied until the cooler weather of autumn allowed them to return to Antibes.

Generally some special plant or group of plants was selected for summer study, and a spot was chosen where they could be found growing in abundance. The summer of 1873 was spent at Biarritz in working up the development of Poly ides rotundus, the results of which have not yet been published, and the summer of 1874 was passed at Cherbourg, where Thuret's health did not permit him to collect as usual. In the autumn of the latter year he returned to Antibes as usual, and, although his health was feeble and he suffered much from asthma, there was no immediate apprehension on the part of his friends. On the 10th of May, 1875, however, as he was on a visit to Nice, he was taken suddenly ill, and died, without warning, of angina pectoris. For his friends there is only the mournful satisfaction that he was spared long physical suffering, and that his devoted companion for years was not absent in his last moments.

The time has not yet arrived correctly to estimate the position which Thuret holds in science, and it would be presumptuous, in any event, for us to attempt such a task ; but we may be allowed to con- sider some of his chief characteristics as an investigator and writer. His published works are unfortunately few in number, for, although he had accumulated an immense mass of notes and drawings, he was constantly afraid of falling below his own ideal, and hesitated to give the results of any study to the world until it had been thoroughly elaborated. At his death he bequeathed his manuscripts and drawings to Dr. Bornet, with the expectation that he would superintend their publication. When this is done botanists will be able to realise how much Thuret has effected for science. Judging only from what has been already published, the scientific reputation of Thuret rests principally on his algological work, notably on his " Rocherches sur les Zoospores des Algues et les Antheridies des Cryptogames," pub-

8 otrsTAVK TnniticT.

lislifd ill l8.")() ; " Roclicrclu-s sur l;i Fceondutiori ilcs Fiiciiccrs suivius tl'Obsorviitions sur Ics Anthcridies dcs Alp;ues," published in 1857; and " lleclierchcs sur la Fecondution dcs Floridces," published in con- junction with Dr. Bornet in 1867. The first-named work is an abridgement of the essay which received tlic prize of the Academy, and which Thuret intended to publish afterwards in full. Those who study land plants have little idea how much labour was involved in scarchinn; in all weathers for material for this work. The term spore, as applied to the olive-coloured seaweeds, was used in the vajjuest way. Thuret first showed that few of these bodies p;orminated as simple spores, but that a great majority of them were sporangia, con- taining zoospores in unicellular or pluricellular cavities. He defined the Order PhcBosjmra;, and brought order out of confusion. He also recognised the presence in this Order of bodies which he considered to be aiitherozoids ; but he was never able to see the copulation of zoospores described by Areschoug in Dicti/osiphon hippuroides. In some of the green seaweeds, as Ulva, he recognised the presence of two kinds of zoospores, the micro- and macrozoospores. The " Re- cherches sur la Fecondation dcs Fucacces " seems to us the work in which Thuret appears to best advantage as a writer. The subject itself is interesting, and is admirably treated. It is a model of scientific writing. An important physiological discovery, the fertilisation of a mass of protoplasm by means of numerous antherozoids which cause it to revolve and afterwards take on a coating of cellulose, is commu- nicated in language neither too diffuse nor too concise. Here we see the secret of bis success as a writer. He always tells his story simply, without overwhelming the reader with unimportant details or beating about in all directioi^s to. attract att(>ntion to his subject. The " Re- cherches .sur la Fecondation des Floridces " illustrates the freedom from preconceived theory which characterised Thuret. Naegeli had figured a body which he dismissed with a short notice, as. on his theory, it could have nothing to do with the fertilisation of Floridcm. Struck by Na(>geli's figure, but not prejudiced by any peculiar view of what fertilisation in the Floridecc ought to be. Thuret examined and ibund in the body figured hy Naegeli the trichogyne, the key to the undirstanding of the fertilisation in this Order. Thuret was a gene- rous correspondent, and was in the habit of furnishing valuable notes to his friends, some of which have become public. He wrote no treatise on the classification of Algtc unfortunately, but in a note pub- lished by Lejolis in his " Li.ste des Algues ]\Iarines de Cherbourg," he gives briefly his views on this subject. Instead of regarding the Fucacece as the highest of the Alga), he places the Floride<c at the head of the list, a view with which most, if not all, recent writers agree.

To compare Thuret with other algologists would he difficult. He did not pretend to be able to determine foreign species as Agardh or Harvey. Although his herbarium was large, he did not attempt to increase his foreign exchanges, thinking that, beyond a certain point, the collection mastered the botanist rather than the botanist the col- lection. To him Alga? meant not the red and green things packed away in herbaria, but the plants which cling to the rock, which wave in pools, to which every returning tide brings a new phase of existence, to which the change of season means death or a renewal ot life.

ON A COLLECTION OF FEKNS MABE IN 3AM0A. 9

With this preforonce for observations on the shore, it is not strange that he regarded Mrs. Griffiths as a better algologist than Harvey, or that he urged his friends to go to some locality on the coast in autumn or winter and study thoroughly what grew there, rather than make a short excursion in midsummer, when Algae are not numerous or in good condition, andmount alargenumberof specimens, to be soaked out in fresh water for winter study. Lamouroux, Bory, Chauvin, Montague, and others had advanced algological science in France as far as was pos- sible by the study of herbarium specimens alone. Thuret, with his followers, Bornet, Lejolis, Derbes, Solier, and we miglit, perhaps, with propriety add the Crouan brothers, by taking their microscopes to the shore have placed France at the head of the list as far as an accurate knowledge of marine Algai is concerned.*

W. G. Faelow.

ON A COLLECTION OF FERNS MADE IN SAMOA BY THE

EEV. S. J. WHITMEE.

By J. G. Baker, F.L.S.

The Rev. S. J. WniTMEE, of the London Missionary Society, has lately sent home from Samoa a large collection of Ferns and other plants. As the Ferns include not only several novelties, but also several interesting extensions of range, I proceed to give here an account of the series. A specimen of each has been laid into the Kew Herbarium, and it is intended that the rest should be made up into sets and distributed. The numbers first given are those under which the plants are sent by Mr. Wliitince, and tlie second number with a star within brackets before the name of the novelties indicates the position of the plant in the arrangement followed in our Synopsis.

1. Gleichenia oceanica, Kuhn. Doubtfully distinct from G. Jlagel-

laris, Spreng.

2. dichotoma, Willd. 4, 93. Cyatheapropinqua, Mett.

(51*). samoensis. Baker, n. sp. Frond ample, tripinnate.

Rachises castaneous, those of the pinnaa matted with brown tomentum. Pinna) oblong-lanceolate, 1-1^ foot long, 5-6 inches broad at the middle. Pinnules sessile, ligulate, caudate, the largest 2^-3 inches long by -J-| inch broad, cut down to the rachis into close, blunt, deeply crenate, tertiary segments ^ inch broad. Texture coriaceous ; both surfaces slightly furfuraceous. Veins 8-9-jugate, indistinct, the lower forked low down. Sori crowded, costular, absent only from the tips of the segments. In- volucre large, brown, persistent, breaking up irregularly. Sent by Mr. Whitmee without a number, mixed with Alsophila truncata.

6. Alsophila truncata. Brack.

11. Hymenophyllum emarginatum, Sw.

10. var. microchlamys, Baker. A torm with invo-

lucral- valves scarcely broader than the tips of the segments.

* The writer is indebted for several dates in the life of Thuret to an article in the *' Botanische Zcitung," written by Dr. Joseph Rostalinski.

10 ON A COLLECTION OF FERNS MADE IN SAMOA.

12, 14 (21*). HrMENOPHYLLUM sAMOENSE, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome filiform, wide-creeping. Stipes 2-3 inches lon;^, naked, winged in the upper half. Lamina oblong-deltoid or rhomboid, tripinnatifid. • Rachis furnished with a narrow, uncrisped wing. Pinnae, ex- cluding the simple upper ones, 6- 10-jugate, ascending or patu- lous, the 2-3 lowest pairs about equal in size or lowest reduced, cut down into a few distant, ligulate, divaricating, erecto-patent lobes 1-3 lines long, with a single central nerve. Surfaces free from hairs, and teeth none. Sori terminal on the lateral seg- ments of the pinna). Involucral-valves oblong, nearly a line long, twice as broad as the tip of the segment, free from one another down to the base, faintly toothed round the tip. Ap- proaches closely the non-crispate forms of H.javanicum.

15. Hymenophyllum multifidum, Sw.

23. Tunbridgense, Sin. 21. Trichomanes Filicula, Xaw//!

20. digitatum, Sw.

18. parvulum, Poir.

32. peltatum. Baker.

24. javanicum, Blume. 31. caiidatum, Brack.

27. gemmatum, J. Smith.

28, 29. maximum, Blume. 26, apiifolium, Presl. 8. Dicksonia Brackenridgei, Ilett.

51. samoensis, Baker. Known to us in England before only

by Brackenridge's excellent figure. 34. Davallia heterophylla, Smith.

38. Emersoni, Hook. jN^ew to Polynesia. 37, contigua, Sw.

40 (34*). PLUMOSA, Baker, n, sp. (section EiidavaUia). Rhizome wide-trailing, as thick as a quill, densely clothed with dark brown, spreading, hair-like scales 3-4 lines long. Stipes dull brown, naked, firm, erect, 3-6 inches long. Lamina deltoid, half a foot long, tripinnatifid, smooth, naked, glossy, subcoriaceous, like its allies turning brown when dried. Lower pinna) much the largest, stalked, deltoid. Ultimate divisions linear-ligulate, cuneate at the base, the largest 2-2|- inches long, | inch broad, cut about halfway down to the rachis into a series of close, regular, erectopatent, blunt, often emarginatc lobes. Veins fine, im- mersed, obscure, erecto-patent, 1 or 2 running into each ulti- mate lobe. Sori not seen. Midway between pentaphylla and solida.

39. Davallia pallida, Mett. (D. Mooreana, Masters, Gard. Chron.,

1864, p. 964, cum icone). Fine specimens sent by Mr. Whitmee from Savaii. Gathered by Macgillivray in Aneitcum, and intro- duced recently by Messrs. Veitch into cultivation.

41, 43b, 44. Davallia solida, Sw. Varieties.

43a. elata, Sw. (epiphylla, Foist.)

46. moluccana, Blume.

172. Speluuca^, Baker.

49. stolonifera, Baker.

\

ON A COLLECTION OF FEKNS MA.DE IN SAMOA, 11

56. Hypolepis tenuifolia, Bernh. 53. Lindsay a lobata, Poir.

57. Pellsea geranisefolia, Fee.

58. Pteris ensiformie, Burm.

59. 60. quadriaurita, Retz. 63. marginata, Bory.

69 ex parte. Lomaria vulcanica, Blurne. ,, procora, Spreng.

,, lanceolata, Spreng.

71. Asplenium Nidus, L.

72. feejeense, Brack.

75. multilineatum, ZToo^'. Showing the curious dimorphic,

decompound, barren fronds discovered by Mr. Powell. 77, 78, Asplenium resectum, Smith. 81 ex parte. falcatum, Lam.

„ lobulatum, Mett.

79. caudatum, Forst.

affine, Sw.

laserpitiifolium, Lam. 84. multifidum, Brack. A fine series of specimens of

this little-known species, throwing doubt upon the distinctness

from it of A. Poicellii, Baker. 89. japonicum, Thunh. A good series of the typical

Japanese form. 86. esculentum, Presl.

88. decussatum, Sw.

92. Aspidium aristatum, Siv.

110. Nephrodium Brackenridgei, Baker. 103. Harveyi, Baker. 107. dissectum, Desv.

113. intermedium, i?«/(;er. New to Polynesia.

111. davallioides, Baker. 94. Leuzeanum, Hook. 171. molle, Besv.

97. unitum, R. Br.

100. truncatum, Presl.

102. latifolium. Baker.

101b. decurrens. Baker.

118. Nephrolepis cordifolia, Presl. 117. ramosa, Moore.

119. var. trichomanoides, J. Sm.

115. acuta, Presl.

116. var. rufescens, Presl.

120. Oleandra neriiformis, Car.

121 (3*). Wmi'MEi, Baker, n. sp. Rhizome trailing, sufFruticose,

flexuose, as thick as a quill, clothed with dense, spreading, linear, acuminate, membranous, pale brown scales 3-4 lines long. Stipe 6-18 lines long, scaly, with a distinct swollen articulation about halfway down. Lamina linear-ligulate, simple, 10-18 inches long, 12-21 lines broad, acute, cuneate or narrowly rounded at the base, membranous, both sides bright green, the upper glabrous, the lower and edge minutely pubescent, the midrib beneath

1- ON A COLLECTION OF FERNS MADK IN SAMOA.

clotlu'tl throughout with spreading linear scale^j like those of the rhizome in colour and texture. Veins spreading from the mid- rib nearly at a right angle, simple or once forked, about ^ line apart. Son irregularly biserial in the inner half of the frond, any near the midrib only in the upper sixth of the frond, the rest mostly in an irregular row 2-3 lines from the midrib. Involucre reniform, persist<;nt, a line broad ; edge not ciliated. Ileiircseuts in Polynesia the African 0. articulata, €av. DiscovLied in an excursion to the island of Savaii by Messrs. \Vhitmee and PoweU. 123 ex parte (105*). Polypodium (Grammitis) simplex, Baker, n. sp. Caudex obli([uc. Stems densely tufted, very short, naked. Lamina simple, ligulate, thin, subcoriaceous. glabrous, 4-6 inches vi loiigj l-|-2 lines broad, narrowed very gradually to both ends.

Veins immersed, obscure, deeply forked, bearing the sorus at the base of the upper fork almost parallel with the rachis. Soii oblong, immersed so that the back is slightly raised, forming a row on each sida close to the costa in the upper half of the frond, with a distinct gap between each. Kcar P. grammcum of the Wi'st Indies, from which it differs by its very short stipe, thinner texture, and costular sori. 123 ex parte. Polyjiodium (Grammitis) marginellum. Sic. Known before only in South America, the Cape Verde Islands, and St. Helena. 124. (100*). Polypodium (Eupolypodium) WnrraiEi, Bahr, n. sp. Rhizome short-creeping, densely clothed with linear, pale brown, membranous scales under \ inch long. Stipe \-\ inch long, stiff, \ erect, densely clothed tliroughout with conspicuous, spreading,

brown, bristly hairs. Lamina simple, ligulate, 6-9 inches long, h-% inch broad at the middle, narrowed gradually to both ends, thin, subcoriaceous, naked, except a few obscure scattered hairs on the margin. Veins erecto-patent, immersed but distinct, with 1 or 2 branches. Sori round, superficial, terminal, on a branch of main vein, forming a long row nearer edge than midrib. 129 (216*). Polypodium (Eupolypodium) sektularioides. Baker, n. sp. Ilhizome short-creeping. Scales linear, pale brown, dense, spreading, \ inch long. Stipe wiry, erect, hispid, A-1 inch long. Lamina lanceolate, 6-9 inches long, 15-24 lines broad at the \ middle, narrowed to both ends, copiously bipinnate, rigid in tex-

ture, the straight rachis hispid throughout, and the midrib of pinna) and end of the pinnules furnished with the same bristly hairs. Pinna-- 40-50-jugate, close, sessile, regularly pectinate at most an inch long, under -} inch broad, cut down to the rachis into distinct, parallel, entire, erecto-patent pinnules under half a line broad. Veins one central to each pinnule. Sori round, one at the base of each pinnule, like tamariscinum in cutting and tex- ture, but recognisable at a glance by its basal sori.

132. Polypodium (Kiphobolus) adnascens, Sw.

133. (Phymatodes) accedens, Blnme.

. 137 (364*). KXPANSCM, y/rtXw, n. sp. (P. dilata-

tum. Hook. Sf Baker, Syn. Fil., p. 365, ex parte, non Wall ) Ilhizome short-creeping, } inch thick. Stem stout, naked, afoot

ON AN ASIATIC CENTROLEPIS. 13

long. Lnmina rhomboid, Sfoetlonp;, ti foot broad, narrowed to both ends, cut down nearly to the rachis throughout into simple, close, patulous, lanceolate, acuminate pinnae 1-1-| inch broad. Pinnae about 20-jugate ; wing of main rachis an inch broad. Texture membranous ; rachis and surfaces quite glabrous. Main veins rather distinct halfway to the edge ; areolae fine, with copious, free, inchxded veinlets. Sori round, not immersed, scattered irre- gularly, 3 or 4 between midrib and edge. This is the Saraoan plant we have referred to P. dilatatum, but this fuller supply of specimens shows it to be distinct. It differs from the Himalayan plant by its much less numerous, larger sori and less distinct main veins. It is probably the Brynaria acuminata of Brackon- ridge's Perns, p. 47, but he has used the same name for a totally different plant at p. 41.

136. Poly podium Powellii, Baker.

135. nigrescens, Blwme.

1 34, phymatodes, L.

139. Monogramme Junghuhnii. Hooh. 73. Gymnogramma javanica, Blume.

141. lanccolata, Hooh.

146. Vittaria scolopcndrina, Thwaites. New to Polynesia.

147. elongata, Siv.

143. Antrophyum Grevilloi, Balfour (angustatum. Brack.)

142. semicostatum, Blume.

66. Acrostichum repandum, var. Quoyanum (Gaud.). 153. aureura, Z.

156. Marattia fraxinea, Smth.

155. Angiopteris erecta, Hojfm.

164. Schizaea dichotoma, S-w.

170. Lycopodium serratum, Thunb. New to Polynesia.

166. cernuum, L.

167. Phlegmaria, L.

1 60. Selaginella Arbuscula, Spring. 158. latifolia, Spring.

157a. insequalifolia. Spring.

163. Psilotum complanatum, Sw.

ON AN ASIATIC CENTROLEPIS.

Br H. F. Hance, Ph.D., &c.

In the early spring of the present year I had the opportunity of passing five days at Saigon, the capital of French Cochinchina, where it was my privilege to make the personal acquaintance of M. Louis Pierre, Director of the Botanical Gardens. This gentleman, who is ardently devoted to botany, has explored with the greatest perse- verance and resolution, sometimes at the risk of his life, various portions of the little-known interior of Cochinchina and Cambodia, and has collected several thousand plants, all of which he has preserved by poisoning, and packed away in chests for ultimate distribution, having at the time of collection made careful notes, and frequently also dissections

v^

14 ON AN ASIATIC CENTROLEPIS.

and drawings, of those ho judged of chiefest interest. During two most pleasant days spent with M. Pierre, and in which he showed me all the plants still unpacked it was possible to look through, most liberally- pressing on me specimens of those which appeared to me remarkable or new, we had much conversation on the flora of the country, and my host expressed an opinion that it would not be found to yield any- large amount of novelty. I was obliged to dissent from this view, and the slight opportunities I have since enjoyed of examining the plants I brought away -with me serve entirely to confirm my opinion, a con- clusion to which, moreover, tlie many new species detected in Malacca hy the late Dr. Maingay would have led me independently. The flora in general character is that of Tenasserim and the Malayan peninsula and archipelago ; but it is certain that a considerable proportion of the species have not as yet been found, or at any rate described as occur- ring there. I have quite recently been enabled to characterise in the pages of this Journal* three new Oaks from Cambodia, obtained by M. Pierre ; and I trust, if leisure is granted, to be able hereafter to enu- merate some others of the most interesting or novel of the plants I owe to his liberality.

Among those w^hich more especially arrested my attention was the Centrolepis of which I subjoin a diagnosis. The small genus to which it belongs comprises a dozen species or thereabouts, none of which had heretofore been detected beyond the Australian continent. Some- what similar instances are furnished by Stylidium tiliginosum, Sw., with one exception the sole Asiatic species in a genus comprising eighty-five; by Calogyne chinensis, Benth., detected by me some years ago at Amoy ; and by the Hongkong 'Thysanotas chinensis, Benth. : but in all these cases the extra-Australian species are met with in the extreme S.E. corner of Asia, whereas the new Centrolepis was dis- covered between six and seven hundred miles further to the west. However, Stylidium tenellum, Sw., is a parallel instance. It is worthy of notice that in each case the nearest allies of the Asiatic plants are natives of Northern and Eastern Australia.

^ Centkolepis cambobiana, sp. nov. — Dense caaspitosa, radicibus ■fibrosis, scapis teretibus strictis inferne pilosis 3-8 poll, longis, foliis Bctaceis longe pilosis basique pilis longis articulatis dense lanosis scapo fere duplo brevioribus, spatliis a^qualibus inferiore culraum continuante rigida superiore brevissime pedicellata basi articulata mobili ovalibus longitudiualiter nei'vosis pilosis (pilis omnium partium iis foliorum basium cxceptis e tuberculo ortis) margine albido ciliatis acutiusculis 3 lin. longis, receptaculo nudo, fioribus 20-25, glumis 2 a3(jualibus oblongis scariosis albis apice denticulato-ciliatis 3 lin. longis, ovariis 6-8 vix semilinealibus, stylis basi distinctis sesquilinealibus stigmati- bus simplicibus, semine ovoideo crebre verticaliter sulcato bruiineo.

In ipso cacumine nudo montis Kam chai, prov. Kam pot, Cam- bodia), juxta fines Siamenses, alt. circ. 2900 ped., coll. cl. L. Pierre.

To judge from the insufficient character given — I have not seen the plant itself — a very near ally of this interesting species is C. exserta, Roem. & Schult., from Eastern Tropical Australia. I regret not having been able to consult the revision of the Order by Hierony- mus, in the Halle Natural History Society's Transactions for 1873.

* Joura. Bot., 187.'>, pp. 361—372.

ON THE HTJSKLESS WALNUTS OF NORTH CEINA. 15

where probably Brown's raeagre diagnosis, modelled after the Linnean

tradition, is amplified.*

I cannot pretend to a good acquaintance with the curious little group to which this genus belongs ; but I should say its glumaceous flowers and follicular fruits, in connexion with their singular arrange- ment when there are several in a flower, might fairly j ustify its sepa- ration from RestiacecB proper. However, this is a point on which I speak with much hesitation, believing that a large proportion of the Monocotyledonous families now admitted by the majority of botanists will eventually, on a strict general revision, have to accept a merely subordinal or sectional rank, and the same with many of the genera.

ON THE HUSKLESS WALNUTS OF NORTH CHINA.. By H. F. Hance, Ph.D., &c.

In a paper full of interest, with the title " Quelques renseigne- ments sur I'histoire naturelle de la Chine septentrionale et occidentale," published in the 7th number of the "Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society" (Shanghae, 1873), the Abbe Armand David has given a brief sketch of the fauna and flora of those portions of Northern and Western China which he had visited. In this memoir he observes : — " Quehjues endroits de la province dc Pekin fournissent des noix qui sont naturellement depourvus de coque." After several fruitless inquiries, Dr. Bretschneider at length procured specimens of these huskless Walnuts, of which he was so kind as to communicate some for my examination. They are of two sizes, the smaller measuring one inch, the larger one inch and a half in length. The nuts are rather thinner and more brittle than in the common Walnut, and their surface is curiously and irregularly eroded, presenting very much the appearance of sea -worn rock ; the outer polished coat, in fact, is partly wanting and partly separable from the inner thin part, which it covers only in patches, and pieces of it can easily be detached by the nail. They show a tendency to split longi- tudinally at the side of the thickened keel formed by the junction of the valves ; and the small-sized nuts (which are much thinner, indeed sometimes little more than coriaceo-cartilaginous in texture) along the middle of the valves also. Vertical and transverse sections

* Hieronymaa (I.e., p. 215) gives the following description of C. exserta, R. & S., apparently made from an authentic specimen: — "Radix fasciculato- fibrillosa, fibrillis subramosis. Calamus ramosus, rami contracti fasciculati foliati. Folia setacea filiformia. Pedunculi teretes pubescentes (pilis articu- latis) 5-7 cm. alti, foliis duplo vel triplo longiores. Spicula bibracteata, bracte- arum internodio 1-1^ mm. longo. Bractcaa florales subcymbajformes, longiores quam latiB, plurinervige, brevissime mucronatse vel submuticEe, interdum violacese, margine membranaceaB, hyalinas, ciliata3 (pilis simplicibus) ; dorso papillosse, strigoso-pilosse (pilis articulatis basi tumidis). Flores circiter 8-10 in axilla utriusque bractea3 cicinnum formantes, bibracteolati (rarissime tribracteo- lati suprema bracteola glan dulse for mi rudimentari) bracteolse hyalinsB, lanceo- late, subintegras, apice denticulatae. Ovaria 7-14. Styli liberi carpophorum longitudine subaequantes vel superantes." — {Ed. J. Bot.]

16 COI.orUIN<i MATTEIt ASSOCIATKU WITH ClI t.UliOlU YI,I,

exhibit Oio tliiii sc^pta, and in all respects the structure of the ordinary form of Jujlaiis 7'egia, Linn., of which this is doubth'ss only a singular monstrosity. Except in size and tho texture of the shell, I do not find anything to distinguish the two kinds of nut sent, and this tends to show that too much stress must not be laid on size, or I may add form either, in attempting to discriminate spccii's in this genus. M. ^laximowicz has himself, whilst describing and figuring with his nsual care tho Eastern Asiatic forms he had examined, explained that their specific distinctness is at present uncertain.* Dr. Bretschneider says this curious fruit is cultivated in the mountains to the uoj-th-east of Peking. Neither London in the " Arboretum, "f where thirteen pages are devoted to tho Walnut, nor M. Cassimir Do Candolle in his " Mcmoire sur les Juglandees,"J or in the monograph in the 16th volume of tho " Prodroraus," make any allusion to a variety or mon- strosity in which the epicarp is suppressed. There is no reference to such a deformity or abortion in ]\[oquin-Taiidou's " Tdratologie vcgetale " ; nor, indeed, though I do not pretend to have made a thorough search, have I been able to find a parallel instance mentioned, of any single genus, in tho books to which I have access. It seems, therefore, worth putting on record, if only for its singularity.

ON TEE COLOURING MATTER ASSOCIATED WITH

CHLOROPHYLL.

By H. C. Soeby, F.R.S. & Pres. R.M.S.

Since my attention was first called to the abstract of Pringslieim's paper on chlorophylline chromules published in the Jouriuil of Botany (1875, pp. 114-120), I have been so much occupied witli other engagements that I have not until now been able to write a short defence of the part I have taken in this subject.

According to the above-named abstract at p. 120, Pringsheim says that iie " can still less agree with Sorby respecting tlie several chro- mules which he alleges to have obtained from various plants, and which he regards as distinct and undeconiposed substances pre-exist- ing in the plants and capable of definite analysis. It is certain that many of these chromules must have; been deprived of their original spectrum characteristics by the treatment to which they were sub- jected. In the determination of the sp(;ctra, moreover, the influence of the solvents, that of concentration, and of the thickness of the Livers, seem to have been equally disregarded. Sorby has nowhere stated with reference to his yellow chromules, to Avhich ho ascribes two separate bands in the blue, to what extent the various positions of tlie bands are influenced by the solvents, nor how they depend on the thickness

» Mel. biolog. .Vcrid. St. Pctersl)., viii., G37. t Art). .!t Frnt. Urit., iii., 1423-35. X Ann. vSc. Nat., •!« slt., xviii., .'J s(jq.

COLOURING MATTEU ASSOCIATED WITH CHLOEOPHYLI,. 17

of the layers ; nor does he state, that with an increase of the chro- mule additional bands do not appear. I doubt not that the whole perhaps of his yellow chromules — one only excepted — would suddenly reveal also the chlorophyll bands of the hrst half, if my method wei-e applied."

Now I must say, with reference to nearly the whole of these state- ments, that I cannot comprehend how anyone could have been led to make them if he had read my various published papers, more especially that on comparative vegetable chromatology (Proceed. R. S., 1873, vol. xxi., p. 442).

It will be seen, on referring to this at p. 444, that I never em- ployed any reagents to separate the colouring matters but neutral alcohol, water, and carbon bisulphide, and was always most careful to check the results by the examination of the spectra of the objects in their natural state. These are quite as definite and distinct as those of their solutions, and, as I showed at pp. 452 to 464, the various substances are in most cases quite as much distinguished by their chemical characters as by their spectra. Thus, for example, taking the two kinds of xanthophyll which have been so commonly con- founded together — my xanthophyll and yellow xanthophyll — when both are dissolved in carbon bisulphide, so that the difference in their spectra cannot be due to diifereuce in physical state, the absorption bands of xanthophyll are situated at about wave-lengths 507 and 475 millionths of a millimeter, whereas those of yellow xantho- phyll are situated at about 498 and 467. On dissolving both in absolute alcohol and adding a little potassii nitrite and hydro- chloric acid to both, the xanthophyll rapidly becomes colourless, whereas the yellow xanthophyll is changed into a new splendid blue substance.

As to my disregarding the influence of the solvents on the spectra, I need only refer to what I said at p. 443. I there considered ** the absorption-band-raising power of solvents " under that special heading, and in the subsequent portions of my paper I treated the subject as though this fact were so thoroughly well understood as not to need any further consideration. 1 always described the difference between the spectra of solutions of the various substances loheii dissolved in the same liquid, and in every other particular in exactly the same physical condition. Moreover, in describing the spectra I relied more especially on the exact position of the bands when the solutions were of such a strength as to show them to the greatest advantage. I am more and more convinced that by far the most important fact is the exact wave- lengths of the centre of the bands when they are seen well-defined and symmetrical ou both sides of the centre. Since in many, if not in most, cases we have to deal with mixtures, the description of the absorption in other particulars is often of no value at all as a character of the indi- vidual substances. Thus, for example, the xanthophylls are almost always found mixed with lichaoxanthine, which gives rise to a very variable intensity of general absorption at the blue end as compared with that due to the bands of the xanthophyll itself, and any de- scription of the entire absorption characters of the xanthophyll obtained from leaves would most certainly be characteristic, not of any one kind of xanthophyll, but of a variable mixture of xanthophyll and lichno-

c

18 NEW I.ICnF.NS FKOM TTTK CAI'F. OF GOOD HorE.

xanthine — two substances which arc altogether distinct in every rela- tion, both fhcmical, physical, and biological.

I am fully prepared to admit that by using a sufficient (juantity there would be no difficulty in detecting the chief absori)tion band of chlorophyll in the xanthophylls obtained from leaves, but there is no difficulty in procuring them almost, if not absolutely, free from it by using the petals of suitable flowers. I must confess that I am astonished at the idea of supposing that substances giving spectra with all the characters which would be due to variable mixtures are separate compounds. If such a system were adopted, the whole sub- ject of colouring matters would be so confused as to break down altogether. The principle wliich I have always adopted has been never to look upon any spectrum as evidence of a new and separate substance when it could be perfectly well explained by supposing it to be due to a mixture of previously recognised substances, certainly met with in an isolated or isolatable condition in closely related natural products. Pringsheim fully admits that the bands in some of the yellow substances he describes correspond exactly with those of chlorophyll. Every fact can be completely explained by supposing that this substance could not be completely separated by the method employed. There is no kind of doubt that the extent to which such separation can be eflPccted depends on a variety of conditions still very imperfectly understood ; and if we were to suppose that when we cannot sejiaratc colouring matters from one another there was evidence of some new and independent substance, their number would be all but infinite. Such minute quantities of chlorophyll may be detected by the remarkably dark band in the red, that we may almost look upon it as being like the sodium band in the case of incandescent vapours. I must say that I regard some of Pringheim's conclusions much in the same light as if anyone studying the spectrum of potassium and finding that it showed the bright yellow lines of sodium, were to con- clude that he had discovered a new element forming a connecting link between potassium and sodium.

In conclusion, I must also say, that I am astonished that so few have hitherto observed the very complete proof of the normal chlorophyll of many plants being a mixture of two entirely different kinds. There is often no difficulty in seeing the characteristic bands of both in the spectrum of the living plants, especially in sucli green Alga3 as Ulva, and yet, with the exception of Prof. Stokes,* no one seems to have observed the facts or appreciated their iniportauce.

NEW LICHENS FROM THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. Br THE Rev. J. M. Ckomdie, F.L.S.

Amokqst the Lichens collected by the Rev. A.. E. Eaton on Table Mountain, during the short stay of the Venus Transit Expedition at the Cape, there occur various novelties, which Dr. Nylaiider has

* Proceed. R. S , 18G4, xiii., p. 114.

NEW LICHENS FROM TUE CAPE or GOOD HOPE. 19

determined for me, and from whoso notes, previous to the publication of a detailed report, I extract the following short diagnoses.

1. Parmelia suhcsquaiis, Nyl. Similar to P. JBorreri, of which it may perhaps be only a variety, though differing in the receptacle of the apothecia being firmer and not soredioso-dissolved. The margin of the receptacle in the younger apothecia is radiately sphinctrino- striated. Corticole.

2. Parmelia molyhdaa, Nyl. Allied to P. atrichoides, Nyl., but having the thallus smaller, leaden-coloured, more adnato, with the apothecia lecanorine. Saxicole.

3. Parmelia comtrictans, NyL Probably a subspecies of P. con- spersa, from which it is distinguished by being smaller, stenophyllous, and having the lacini^e here and there somewhat constricted. Terricole. Var. eradicaia, Nyl., has the thallus still smaller, thinner, the lacinite ascending, glabrous also beneath. Muscicole.

4. Parmelia compersula. Nyl. Thallus adnate, areolato- diffract in the centre ; apothecia lecanorine, small, the thalline margin thin, en- tire. Looks somewhat like small P. conspersa. Saxicole.

5. Parmelia adhaircm, Nyl. Sufficiently similar externally to Squamaria saxicola * diffracta, Ach., but in reality a true Parmelia (as is at once evident from the character of the spermogones), allied to P. Mougeotii, Schaer., to which in habit and colour it bears considerable resemblance. Medulla K+yellow. Apothecia small, lecanorine, with entire thalline margin ; spores ellipsoid ; spermatia thinly fusi- form. Saxicole.

6. Parmelia squamariata, Nyl. Thallus olive or chestnut-olive, appressed, adnate, indistinctly radioso-divided, crenato-incised at the circumference, where the lacinire are rather more distinct (medulla K-|-, from yellow becoming cinnabarine) ; apothecia spadiceous, minute, lecanorine ; spores ellipsoid ; spermatia acutely fusiform. Saxicole.

7. Parmelia prolixula, Nyl. This species approaches in general appearance to P. Dregeana, Hmp., from which, however, as well as from P. stygiodes, Nyl., it is at once seen to be different from the oblong form of the spores. The apothecia are sublecanorine with sub- entire margin, and the spermatia are aciculari-fusiform. Saxicole.

8. Parmelia lichinoidea, Nyl. Thallus subsimilar to that of P. lanata, but deplanate, the lacinise depressed (medulla K — ). Seen only in an infertile state. Muscicole,

9. Physcia affi,xa, Nyl. Somewhat similar to Ph. obsctcra, f. lithotea, but thinner, more appressed, and adglutinated to the substratum. The thallus is chestnut-brown, subgranulato-unequal, and areolato- diifract in the centre, laciniato- radiating at the circumference. Saxi- cole.

10. Physcia suhpicta, Nyl. Distinguished from Ph. picta and Ph. cegialita, Ach., by being smaller, and having the thallus glaucous- white, opaque, smoother, the lobules being plane and shorter at the circumference. Infertile. Saxicole.

11. Lecanora suhunicolor, Nyl. Allied to L.fulgescens, but having the thallus thinner, vitelline orange -coloured, smooth, rimulose ; apothecia orange, biatoroid. Saxicole.

12. Lecanora cinnahariza, Nyl. This differs from L. cinnabarina,

c 2

20 NEW LICHENS FliOM THE CAI'E OF GOOD HOPE.

Ach., of which it is scarcely more than a subspecies, in having tl»e thallus very thin, rimosc, and not effigurate at the circumference, and the apothecia innate, depressed. Saxicole.

13. Lecanora pyropoccila, Nyl. Thallus vitelline oranjre-coloured, opaque, minutely graiiulose, scattered ; apothecia goldeu-suffron, lecanorine, the thalline margin not prominent. Sa.\icole.

14. Lecanora pramicans, Nyl. Subsimilarto L./erru(/mea, Huds., but the apothecia (biatorine) are more brightly coloured, the spores different in size, and the paraphyses slender.

15. Lecanora glauco-livescens, Nyl. Thallus glaucescent, thin, rimose, limited by a blackish hypothallus ; apothecia lurid- or livid- brown, subzeorine ; spores 8 n a;, colourless, ellipsoid, 1-septate; para- physes slender. Belongs to the section of L. disparata. Saxicole.

16. Lecanora elccophcca, Nyl. Thallus olivaceous, depresso-granu- lated, thin, determinate ; apothecia brown, more or less convex, with thin, entire, or excluded thalline margin ; spores ellipsoid or fusiformi- eliipsoid, 1-septate. Spermogones with somewhat long, shortly articu- lated arthrosterigmata. Belongs to the same section as the preceding. Saxicole.

17. Leca7iora galactiniza, Nyl. This species differs from L. fjalac- lina, Ach., more especially by the smaller brown apothecia and the chemical reaction of the thallus (K-j-y^-'How), in which latter respect it is also to be distinguished from L. galactinella, Nyl. It belongs to the section of L. subfusca. Saxicole.

18. Lecanora psaromela, Nyl. Very closely allied to Lecanora psarophrma, Nyl. Pyr. Or., p. 10, but differing, amongst other marks of distinction, in the planer and darker (almost black) apothecia and the longer spores. The spermatia are fusiformi-bacillar. Saxicole.

19. Lecanora dijfusilis, Nyl. Thallus white or whitish, unequal, rimose ; apothecia black, lecideine, innate, immarginate, often con- fluent and deformed ; spores ellipsoid. Spermogones not seen Ap- parently belongs to the section of Lecanora atra. Saxicole.

20. Fertusaria Water eanoides, Nyl. Sufficiently similar to P. Waw- re«waMass., but the theca) are two-spored. Thallus K-j-yellow, then cinnabarine-red. Spermatia bacilliform or bacillari-fusiform. Saxicole.

21. Pertusaria subdealbata, Nyl. This species approaches to the preceding, but the apothecia are innate in convex protuberances of the thallus (one in each protuberance), and the spores are smaller and the spermatia straight. Saxicole.

22. Pertusaria vepallida, Nyl. Allied to P. erubescens, Tayl., but having, amongst other differential characters, the thallus thinner, pale whitish, and smooth, and the spores smaller. The spermatia are straight. Saxicole.

23. Urceolaria subcuprca, Nyl. Thallus lurid-brown (K — ,1 — ), thin, arcolato-rimose, obsoletely whitish-reticulated on the surface ; apothecia blackish, innate, at length pertuse above ; spores colourless, murali-divided, ellipsoid ; spermatia thinly fusiformi-oblong. Ap- proaches to U. doitaria, Nyl., Lich. St. Piuil. Saxicole.

24. Lecidea chlorophccata, Nyl. Thallus greyish-green, thinly granulose, thinnish, indeterminate ; apothcscia brownish, at length con- vex and often aggregated, whitish within ; spores acicular, straight, thin, indistinctly 3-5-septate. Saxicole.

NEW LICHENS FROM KERGUELEN's LAND. 21

25. Lecidea subalbicans, Nyl. Thallus whitish, subopaque, thin, minutely areolato-diffract, subrugulose (K4- yellowish) ; apothecia brownish, small, plane, the margin paler ; spores ellipsoid, paraphyses not well discrete ; spermatia arcuate. Approaches to L. albicans, Nyl. Saxicole.

26. Lecidea granulosiila, Nyl. Differs from L. enteroleuca, Ach., chiefly in the yellow, minutely granulose or subleprose thallus. Apothecia convex, immarginate, entirely whitish within. Saxicole,

27. Lecidea incuriosa, Nyl. Thallus whitish, thin, granulated or granulato-subareolate, unequal (K -(-yellow) ; apothecia black, at length convex, immarginate, concolorous within ; spores Snae, brown, 1- septate. Belongs to the section of Lecidea (or perhaps rather Leca- nora) spuria, Schser. Saxicole.

28. Lecidea subtristis, Nyl. Thallus brown, very thin, smooth, rimulose ; apothecia black, plane, margined, whitish within ; spores Snae, brown, bilocular. Spermogones not seen. Saxicole.

NEW LICHENS FROM KERGUELEN'S LAND.

Br THE IIev. J. M. Crombie, F.L.S.

No II.

In addition to those enumerated in the Journal of Botany, 1875, pp. 333-335, there occur also the following novelties in the collection made by Mr. Eaton.

1. LicMna antarctica, Cromb. At first sight not unlike some small state of L. confinis. Apothecia and spermogones enclosed in subglo- bose, crowded, fastigiate clavuli ; spores ellipsoid ; spermatia oblong. Saxicole.

2. Lecanora diphyella^ Nyl. A peculiar species, allied apparently to Lecanora diphyes, Nyl., but differing in the smaller apothecia, the black hypothecium(K-f- violet-purple), and the thicker spores. Sper- mogones not seen. Saxicole.

3. Lecanora broccha, Nyl. Thallus whitish, very thin ; apothecia brown, moderate, psoromoid in appearance ; spores ellipsoid, simple. Spermogones not seen. Caulicole and muscicole.

4. Lecanora sublutescens, Nyl. Entirely similar in appearance to Z. lutescens, DC , but saxicole, and the spores not seen rightly evolute. Thallus sulphur-coloured, subleprose (Ca. CI. -j- saffron- coloured).

5. Lecidea sub assentiens, Nyl. Allied to Z. diasemoides, Nyl., but differing in the somewhat smaller spores and longer spermatia. In external appearance it suficiently agrees with Z assentiens, Nyl., but a microscopical analysis shows it to be quite different. Saxicole.

6. Lecidea asbolodes, Nyl. Thallus fuliginous, thin, determinate ; apothecia black, margined, sufficiently small ; spores shortly ellipsoid, paraphyses slender. In external appearance it bears a near resem- blance to Lecidea leiotea, Nyl., which, however, differs in the immar- ginate apothecia and the thicker paraphyses. Saxicole.

22 OCCUERENOE OF MEDICAfiO LAPPACKA IN BEDFORDSHIUE.

7. Lecidea sinceruU, Nyl. This is Lecidea Dicksoni, Ach., typical, witli normal greyish thallns, which previously had been unknown. Similarly L. subcontimia, Nyl., occurs also with a normal, smooth, leaden-coloured thallus. Saxicole.

8. Lecidea cerebrinclla, Nyl. Similar to L. cerehrina. Ram., but smaller, the apothecia and spores both beinff less in size. The apothecia are much plicato-corrugatod. Saxicole.

9. Verrucaria ohfiiscata, Nyl. From V. ohnigrescens, Nyl. this species differs in the thullus being umbrine-black, continuous,^ very thin or subevanesccnt, and in the spores, which are oblongo-ellipsoid, being somewhat longer. Saxicole.

10. Verrucaria Kerpielena, Nyl. Thallus greyish, obsolete ; apo- thecia moderate, prominent, hemisphserical, pyrenium dimidiate, black ; spores 8na}, colourless, ellipsoid, murali-divided, moderate ; paraphyses slender, crowded. A somewhat remarkable species, belong- ing to the section of V. tlwlostomoides. Saxicole.

ON THE OCCUREENCE OF MEDIC AOO LAPP ACE A, Laml\, IN BEDFORDSHIRE; WITH SOME ADDITIONS TO THE RECORDED FLORA OF THAT COUNTY.

Bt R. a. Peyor, B.A., F.L.S.

Dlikino the past summer I came across nMedicago in Bedfordshire, which was at first sight uuknoAvn to me, but which turned out to be M. lappacea of Lamarck's " Encyclopedic Methodique." It has been noticed once or twice before in Britain as an evident introduction with wool or foreign seeds ; but it is less easy to account for its occurrence in the present instance. Growing by the road between Luton and Caddington, near Farley Green, in company with Plantago lanceolata and P. tnajor, Poli/gonum aviculare, Matricaria viodora, and the ordinary wayside weeds of the district, it had quite the appearance of n native, and unless it could have been brought in with material from abroad for plaiting — the great industry of that part of the country — it is difficult to see by what means it could have been conveyed into rather a sequestered neighbourhood, which is out of the course of general traffic, and where, too, it seemed to have made itself quite at home.

It is easily distinguished from M. macidnta, with which it has perhaps sometimes been confused, by the laciniate stipules, the loose spiral and very different venation of the pods, which are flatter and not narrowed into the thin edge, witli longer spines that are generally hooked at the end ; the leaves are never spotted, and the flowers are of a different shade of yellow, with the keel shorter than the wings.

With M. denticulata it is much more closely allied. It has gene- rally fewer flowers ; the largo, subglobose, burr-like pods arc less deeply and regularly veined, and the veins themselves take a different direction ; the uppermost whorl is larger in proportion, and covers

OCCURUENCE OF MKDICAGO LAPPACEA IN BEDFORDSHIKE. 23

much more of the next ; the spines are radiant, standing out hori- zontally, and are not set on at an oblique angle ; the seeds also are said to be rather oblong than reniform ; the whole plant is coarser and ranker, and of a more succulent leafy habit. The blackness of the spines (hence compared to eye-lashes), so much insisted upon by the earlier writers, is by no means conspicuous in the Bedfordshire plant, or, indeed, usually in foreign specimens.

31. lappacea was first separated by Desrousseaux in Lamarck's " Encyclop^die Methodique," t., iii., p. 637, but was well-known to the older botanists. The pods have been twice figured, perhaps not very characteristically, by Morison (Hist. Oxon., ii., p. 154, n. 16; sect, ii., tab. 15, fig, 11, Medica cochleata 'syoXvuapTno; capsula apinosa minore, perennis, ciliaris, seu capsulis ciliaribm nigris ; and no. 18, sect, ii., tab. 15, fig. 13, Medica cochleata minor ■nroXvuocpxtro; amiua capsula nigra hispidiore). It is the Medicago p>olymorpha ciliaris (not, however, M. ciliaris of Willdenow and De Candolle) and M.p. nigra of Linnaeus, Sp. PI., no. 9. Our plant belongs to the typical variety, a. macroacantha of Lowe (Fl. Mad. i., 158), M. ciliaris, Brotero, ii., 114, 3f. muricata, Buch, 198, 419 (not of others), M. nigra (W.), DC, ii., 178., M. pentacycla, DC, and M. Histrix, Tenore, M. lappacea (3. pentacycla, DC, ii., 177, and Gren. & Godr., Fl. Fr., i., 390, M. pentacycla, Seubert, Fl. Azor., 48, no. 368, and M. denticulata 3. macroacantha of "Webb and Berthelot, ii., 64. As in perhaps all the other species of the section there is a short- spined form, which however passes into the type. It is then If. Terehellum of Willdenow, ii., 176, and Koch, 181, and M. sardoa of Moris. Boissier in his " Flora Orientalis," vol. ii., p. 103, places both M. lappacea and pentacycla as varieties under M. denticulata ; the former is perhaps the variety with 2-4 whorls to the fruit, M. lap- pacea a. tricycla of Grenier and Godron. There is a full desci'iption of the usual form in the Ilev. R. T. Lowe's unfinished " Manual Flora of Madeira."

M, lappacea has been so frequently confused with M. denticulata and other related species, that it is probably more common than has been supposed. It is a plant of waste ground, roadsides, and occasionally cultivated fields — perhaps most at home in the Mediter- ranean region, "Western Asia (where according to Boissier it is more abundant than its allies), North Africa, and the Atlantic Islands ; but it has spread itself widely through the warmer parts of the northern hemisphere. There are specimens in the Herbarium of the British Museum from the South of France ; Eastern Pyrenees, collected by Petit; Toulon, Bourgeau ; Hyeres, J. Woods ; from the neighbour- hood of Genoa, Eostan ; from Madeira, Banks and Solander, 1768, and Masson, 1777 ; and from the Canaries, Bourgeau, &e. There are others from the Happy Valley, Hongkong from riceflelds, collected by J. Lament and labelled Af. lupulina ; from New California, Douglas, originally distributed as M. maculata ; and fi'om Orizaba, Mexico, collected by Botteri.

It is perhaps worth mentioning that M. maculata, which seems to have dropped out of notice as a Bedfordshire plant, was figured originally in " English Botany," t. 1616 (as M. pohjmorpha), from a Bedford specimen sent by the Rev. Mr. Hemsted.

2i OCCUUUENCK OF MEDICAGO LATPACEA IN nEDFOUDSIIlRE.

I may take this opportunity of recordinfi; a fi'W other species, whicli I have recently met with in the same county, but which have not, I believe, been previously published for Bedfordshire.

Papaver Lecoqii. About Dunstable. P. Lamottei has been observed in the same neighbourhood by the Rev. W. W. Newbould, and I have seen the two plants growing together, but keeping well to their distinctive characters, in the immediately adjacent district of Herts. P. Lecoqii is possibly the commoner species in Beds, but I have notices of the existence of both in several widely separated localities. Two of the distinct f(jrms included under P. Rhccm occur also in the Dunstable district.

Neslia paniculata. Potato field near Dunstable ; I suppose a mere casual,

Arenaria sph(xrocarpa, and A. leptoclados. Both probably common in the county ; the former also in cornfields.

Sagina apetala {vera). Walls at Luton and New Mill End ; and seemingly not uncommon generally.

Melilotus arvensis. Waste ground at Luton, a single specimen, probably only a casual. It is, however, abundant in parts of Cam- bridgeshire, and in the adjoining districts of Herts and Essex, and this may turn out to be the case also in Beds. In north-east Herts it seems to be quite well established as a weed of arable land, and is as wild-looking as the Poppies. It would appear to have much bi'tter right to a place in the list than M. alba, which is with us nowhere permanent, and whose localities are always far more suspicious. Tri- folium incarnatum occurs also about Luton, undoubtedly as a waif from cultivation.

Rubus leucostachys. Hedges near Caddington. R. rudis. Hedge near Stockwood.

Poterium muricatum. Sides of fields at Dunstable, and abundant and apparently quite established on railway banks south of Luton.

Cratagus taciniata (cfr. a paper by Mr. Hobkirk, Naturalist, vol. iii., p. 80). Open hedgerows near Dunstable.

Callitriche vernalis. River Lea, above Luton ; not in fruit, but probably this species. The C. verna and C. autumnalis of Abbot's Flora, from the figures quoted, represent in all probability C. platy- carpa and hamulata, both of which have been noticed by Mr. New- bould in the county.

Linaria vulgari-repetis. Railway embankment at Luton, in com- pany with L. vulgaris and a profusion of Z. repens. The seeds are apparently perfect.

Vcro7iica polita. Dunstable. V. Buxbaumii. With the last.

Polygonum maculatum. On soil taken from the Lea at Luton ; very large plants.

P. aviculars, microspernmm, and rurivagum. About Luton, Cad- dington, &c.

Carex paludosa. Stotfold. This is, however, probably C. acuta of Abbot's Flora, and perhaps also of " Newbould cat.," in "Topo- gra hical Botany," where C. paludosa is not given for Beds. Rumex conglomeraUis. Near Luton. Myriophyllum spicatum, the true plant, and Ccratophyllum aquati-

OCCUEUENCE OF MEDICAGO LAl'PACEA IN BEDFOBDSHIRE. 25

cum, I have seen in the Lea, near Hyde Mill, within a yard or two of the county boundary, if not actually within its limits. There appears to be some doubt as to previous records, as neither plant is given for Bedfordshire in " Topographical Botany."

Ibens amara is still found in something like abundance on the corn- lands near High Down, on the borders of Herts. Its existence has long been known there (Fl. Herts, p. 25). Fumaria Vaillantii occurs in the same fields, and also about Dunstable, in which neighbourhood, as well as at Luton, i^. wMcrflw^Aa seems to be commoner even than F. officinalis. The erasure indicated under F. Vaillantii, in " Topo- graphical Botany " (ii., p. 592), has been accidentally misplaced, and was intended to refer to another county (Huntingdonshire).

It will be seen that most of these observations are confined to that portion of Bedfordshire which is drained by the affluents of the Thames — the Lea, the Mimran, and the Ver. It will probably be found that the Flora of this division will present many peculia- rities, in the way of presence and absence, when contrasted with that of the county at large, which, with the exception of a small tract of country in the north-western angle, which is included in that of the Nene, belongs altogether to the basin of the Ouse, and of its tributaries, the Ouzel, Ivel, and Kime, and to a very limited extent the Cam. The natural districts thus defined will be available for purposes of botanical geography.

For the localities of the undermentioned plants I am indebted to the MS8. of the Eev. W. W. Newbould, by whom, or by Mr. W. 0. Aikin, they were first observed in the county.

Hanunculus heterophyllus (restricted). Near Shefford.

R. pseudo-Jluitans. R. Lea, above Luton.

Poly gala vulgaris (true). Warden, Caddington.

Ononis spinosa. Eaton Socon, Goldington. Abbot's plant is liable to some degree of uncertainty.

Lotus tenuis. Near Bedford ; between Farndish and Puddington. There is also a specimen from Hawnes in Ed. Forster's herbarium in the British Museum.

Z. major. Between Luton and Dunstable ; Bassmead.

Ficia gracilis. Near Clapham.

Rubus rhamnifolius. Maulden.

R. discolor. In many places.

Fpilohium roseum. Caudle Ford.

E. tetragonum (true). Bedford, Elstow, &c. E. obscurum is not certainly known to occur.

Galium palustre and elongatum are both found in the county.

Arctium minus (true). Caddington, &c.

Tragopogon pratensis. T. minor only has been at present noticed in Beds.

Lactuca virosa. By the railway near Bedford ; perhaps the remains of cultivation.

Z. m,uralis. Between Luton and Dunstable.

Taraxacum erythrospermum. Occasionally.

Sonchus asper. In many places.

Hieracium tridentatum. Near Shefford.

Ctiscula Trifolii. Bassmead.

20 OCCURRKNCE OF MEDICAGO LAPPACKA IN llEDKOKDSniRE.

Myosotis lingulata. Elstow.

Tliymtis Cham(C(lrys, Bassmcad, Luton, Purvey.

Polygonum arenastruvi. Caddington, &c.

Rumex pratensis. Near Bedford.

Atriplex erecta. Luton, Woburn Sands.

A. deltoidea. Bedford.

Salix cinerea. Harlington, Farndish.

Orchis incarnata. Bassmcad. 0. latifolia is not certainly known to occur.

Habenaria cMorantha. Bassmead.

Juncus acutiJJoriis. "Woburn Sands.

Calamagrostis Epigejos. Bassmead. Abbot refers to " English Botany," t. 402, under Arundo Epigejos of his Flora. As the figure represents I'halaris arundinacea, there must be some doubt as to the plant intended. C. Epigejos is really figured in t. 403, but that plate is referred by Abbot to C lanceoJata {A. Calamagrostis of his Ylor&). This last has not been rediscovered in the county.

Glyceria Jluitans (true). Maulden.

There are a few other plants of some interest which, although it is some years since they were first noticed in the county, have never yet found admission into any published record ; the present is perhaps not an unfavourable opportunity for giving them a permanent position .in the Flora. In the herbarium of tbe llev. B. H. Webb, of Essendon, which has been kindly placed at my disposal, there is a 'Thalictrum {T. mifius, Auct.) from Flitwick, which I am unable to determine with certainty, but which is perhaps saxatile. Antennaria dioica is also well represented from the Barton Hills. Of this last I possess a specimen from another source, gathered near High Down, and pro- bably in Beds. Both plants are new to the coimty list. In the same collection, and also from Flitwick, there is a fine series of examples of the narrow-leaved, laciniate form of Fimpinella magna. Mr. Webb's plants were all collected in 1841.

Another unrecorded species from Barton is in the Kew Herbarium, Carex fidva, "v. speirosiac/iya." This is stated to have been collected in 1846, but the writer of the ticket is unknown to me.

Among those plants which are not strictly native, but which are not unlikely to become established in the county, Diplotaxis muralis and Lepidium Braha m.ay be noticed. Specimens of both, collected by Mr. Conder in 1861, near Ampthill, and by the mill at Kempston re- spectively, are in Professor Babington's herbarium at Cambridge. So long ago as 1804 Lepidium campestre was observed by Abbot " on the embankment of our river at Bedford, between Duck Mill and the first sluice " (letter to Sir J. E. Smith, among Smith's JilS. correspon- dence in the possession of the Linnean Society). It has apparently not been met with since that date. In the same series of letters there is a station given for liuscus aculcatus at Oakley ; the name also occurs without any locality in Davis' *' History of Luton."

We must look to the Bedford Natural History Society for con- siderable additions to this catalogue.

SHORT NOTES. 27

SHORT NOTES.

Arabian Plant-Names. — I find in your Journal of Botany (1874, pp. 56, 57) Mr. Jackson's interesting note on Alfa. In reference to this let me observe, first, that the Arabian nomenclature of indigenous plants is by no means more exact than the European. On the con- trary, as might be expected from the very wide range of this lan- guage, the same name is used for very different plants in different countries. Thus Markh or Merhh signifies in Egypt Leptadenia pyrotechnica, and in the Algerian Sahara Genida SalmrcB (cf. Duveyrier, " LesTouaregduNord," p. 161) ; Toorfatz, aname used in North Africa for Truffle (^adopted in scientific nomenclature under the spelling of Terfezia), means in the Libyan Oases Cistanche lutea (cf. Ascherson, in Rohlf's " Quer durch Africa," ii., 284). On the other hand the same plant is difi'erently named in different districts. Thus the well-known Salvadora pcrsica, recommended to the faithful by the Prophet Mahomet for its wood, which is used for tooth-brushes, has different names, even in Arabian, in different tracts of its very large area, ex- tending from Senegal beyond the Indus. In Arabia, Egypt, «&c., it is called Rah; in Central Africa, Suak (cf. Ascherson, Bot. Zeit., 1875, where I pointed out the confusion originated by the late R. Brown's unlucky conjecture that the Suak was Capparis Sodada). In the Hal/a question the former observation is applicable. There is no doubt that the Alfa of European commerce may be exclusively Macrochloa tenacissima ; Lygeum Spartum, however, is known, even in some places of North Africa under the same name, used for the latter with preference in the Tripolitan provinces (cf. Duveyrier, 1. c., 201, 203). In Egypt ^«//'« does not mean Ampelodestnos tenax, as Mr. E. G. Lloyd states. I do not know any record of the occurrence of this grass in Egypt, but the name is in general use in that country for Ara- grostis cynosuroides, P. B. {Leptochloa bipinnata, Hochst., Cynosurus dunes, Forsk. (non L.), who quotes the Arabian name, Chaljl (Fl. Aeg. Arab., Ix.), or H half e (1. c, 21). As to the name Diss (or Dees, as it must be spelt more conformably to Arabian pronunciation), it is like Haifa used for different tall and coarse reed-like grasses and similar plants. In Algeria and the adjacent regions it means Imperata cylindrica ; in the Libyan Oases, TypTia angustata, Bory et Chaub. —

P. ASCHEKSON.

RuMEX HTDROLArATHUM, VAR. LATIFOLIUS, Borrcr, IN EaST CORN- WALL.— On the 2nd August last I discovered a few specimens of a very large Dock on the sandy shore below a low cliff at Downderry, in the parish of St. Germans, E. Cornwall, which altogether looked so peculiar as to make me quite doubtful as to what species to refer them. The root-leaves, from their great size, and the glaucous hue of the upper surface of the mature ones, seemed to suggest R, Hydro- lapathum, but a more careful examination showed they differed from those of the ordinary form by having a more or less cordate base to their unequal sides. Then the possibility of the plant being R. maxinms, Schreb., R. Hydrolapathum, var. latifolius, Borr., occurred to me, but I felt unable to form a decided opinion on the matter, as I had never seen a specimen of that Dock. More recently, however,

28 NOTICKS OF ROOKS.

the question has been settled by Dr. Tiimen, who favoured mc with the following? opinion, on receiving a specimen or two from me : — " I have little doubt that the Dock is what we call in England R. maxi- mus, or, as I prefer to call it, li. Ilydrolapathum, var. latifolms, Borrer. It is perhaps a little off the strongly-marked Lewes plant, but is quite like another of Mr. "Warren's Sussex specimens from Slioreham. You will be glad to know that Mr. Warren agrees in naming your plant maximus." So we find this Dock occurring in the widely separated counties of Cornwall and Sussex. — T. li. Akchek Ekiggs.

QuEECTJS (CiCLOBALANUs) Jordan-t:, hov. sp. — Q. ramulis, petiolis, foliisque junioribus utrinque fulvo-tomentosis, foliis adultis integris elliptioo-ovatis, apice abrupte acuminatis, coriaceis. supra glabrius- culis, subtus cinereo-tomentellis ; cupula zonis vix distinctis patella;- formi applanata, glandem depresso-globosam basi tantum tcgente. — Vulg. Palayen. Habit, insul. Luzon Philippinaruni, reg. super, montium Sierra del CarahaUo diet, silvas satis extensas formans, ubi cam anno 1874 legit amiciss. D. Ramon Jordana y Morena.

Species proxima Quercuhus ci/rtopoda et Llanos ii ; a prima differt : glande omnino exserta non cupula triplo longiore ; cupula solitaria, non cupulis sterilibus inferne tuberculata ; foliis 5-8 centim. non 17-20 centim. longis ; nervis lateralibus utrinque 8-9, non 15-19; Q. Llanosii ramulis glabris foliisque glabresccntibus glande que cupu- lara diraidio tantum superante a nostra satis differre videtur.

(From M. Laguna y Villanueva's " Apuntes sobre un nuevo Uoblo de la Flora de Filipinas." Madrid, June, 1875.)

I^oticc^ of 25oohj3f.

Mycotheca Universalis. Cent. I., II., and III. ByBAEON F. Thumen. Bayreuth. 1875.

The mere accumulation of specimens in any branch of natural science must never be confounded by the collector with a knowledge of the science itself, yet when properly used nothing so effectually assists the learner as the actual possession and leisurely examination of a well- assorted collection of realities illustrative of the subject at which he is working ; for it is universally admitted by all who have anything to do with science-teaching that the actual demonstration of a fact is of far more value to a student than any amount of verbal reiteration. Hence one great use (but by no means the only one) of herbaria, and ii is from this as well as from otlier causes that so many mycological exsiccates find subscribers. The professed objects of these publications are various. Some, for instance, represent the distribution of certain Orders, others, and a more numerous class, illustrate the flora of various districts or countries ; while one publication consists solely of economic Fungi, including useful and baneful species. The " Myco- theca Universalis," however, has a far more extensive object — namely, to illustrate the mycological flora of the whole world. As a matter of course, the success must rest in a great measure with the willingness

NOTICES OF BOOKS. 29

of those interested in the subject to contribute to the work. As far as it has gone, contributors have been found in most European countries from Finland to Italy, including Denmark, Hungary, Great Britain, and various parts of Germany. The more interesting specimens, how- ever, to English botanists, perhaps, are those derived from extra- European sources, as the United States, South Africa, and Tasmania. The energy of the editor in thus working up contributions from remote and comparatively little-known lands is very creditable, as is also the preparation and arrangement of the specimens. Of the work itself there is perhaps rather a preponderance of parasitic epiphytal species, such as the Puccinm, ^cidica, and Peronosporce, especially as these plants have been so well represented in other herbaria. On looking through the fasciculi, one cannot but be struck with the polygeneric nomenclature so much in vogue just now upon the Continent. Fortu- nately, however, the editor has retained as synonyms most of the older names, and we hope he will continue this practice, if it be only for the benefit of English botanists, for it is not always one can remember that by Pseudoplectinia, Belonidium, and Stamnaria nothing more is meant than Peziza. Amongst the transatlantic specimens we are pleased to find many species of Schweinitz, Berkeley, Ravenal, and Curtis represented. There are several new plants published now for the first time. Thus, for example, the last fasciculus contains ^cidium ornamentale, Klchbr., a very striking-looking fungus on Acacia horrida, from the Cape of Good Hope ; Urocystis magica, Pass., upon Allium magicum, from Parma; Fusarium Bagnistanum, Thm., from Central Italy ; and some others. It also includes the interesting Cyttaria Gunnii, Berk., on evergreen Beech from Tasmania, of which one so often hears in mycological works. Chakles B. Plowright.

A Course of Practical Instruction in Elementary Biology. By. T. H. HuxLEr, LL.D., Sec. R.S. Assisted by H. N. Martin, B.A., M.B., D.Sc. London : Macmillan and Co. 1875. (8vo, pp. 268.) TIndeu the term Biology in this country it has been for some years customary with those engaged in teaching to include Zoology and Botany ; it is pretty nearly what was formerly called JSTatural History, though with perhaps a more special aspect towards the physiological and morphological parts of the subject. In his courses at the School of Mines Prof. Huxley has for many years given fully the characters of certain selected type plants as well as animals, as an introduction to his special zoological lectures, and since the new buildings at South Kensington have been opened he has been able in the labora- tories there provided to add to this practical instruction by the actual examination of these types by the students themselves. The present book is meant to be a laboratory guide, indicating the mode of procedure in this practical biological work : — " A number of common and readily obtainable plants and anima's have been selected in such a manner as to exemplify the leading modifications of structure which are met with in the vegetable and animal worlds. A brief description of each is given ; and the description is followed by such detailed instructions as, it is hoped, will enable the student to know of his own knowledge the chief facts mentioned in the account of the animal or plant."

30 BOTANICAL NEWS.

There are thirteen of those types taken in the book : — 1, Yeast ; 2 Protococcus ]iluvialis ; 3, Proteus animalcule (AmcoVja) and colour- less blood corpuscles; 4, Bacteria; 5, Moulds (l*enicillium and T^rucor) ; 6, Stoncworts (Chara and Nitella) ; 7, Pleris aquilma ; 8, Vicia Faha; 9, Bell-Animalcule (Vorticella) ; 10, Freshwater Polyps (Hydra viridis and H. fusca) ; 11, Freshwater Mussel (Ano- donta cygnca) ; 12, Freshwater Crayfish (Astacus fluviatilis) and Lobster (Homarus vulgaris); 13, Frog. Under each chapter we find first a short but comprehensive description of the plant or animal, an I following this a tabular arrangement of the " Laboratory Work," briefly pointing out the organs and structures requiring notice, and the best method of treatment to exhibit them and their nature and relations to the best advantage. There can be no doubt of the excel- lence of this method of instruction, it commends itself, aiul has besides been proved to result in a clear and definite knowledge of quite a difterent kind to that derived from merely hearing or reading. To science-teachers who wish to follow out so complete a system of instruction this " Course " cannot fail to be of the greatest assistance.

H.T.

Manuals of Elementary Science — Botany. By Prof. Bentley. Lon- don : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. 1875. (12mo, pp. 128.) This is intended as a very elementary and simple introduction to the study of plants. Its scope is limited to the organography of Phanerogams, and is especially adapted as an introduction to the Rev. C. A. Johns* " Flowers of the Field." The matter is to a considerable extent an outline of the author's well-known " Manual of Botany," and the treatment presents no special features for comment, save that at the end of each chapter is a series of questions on the preceding text. The low price (a shilling) of this little book, which is illustrated with 131 woodcuts, is likely to bring it into many hands where larger treatises would never come. H. T.

25otantcal S!ic\xs^,

Articles its Journals.

Annates des Sc. Naturelles (ser. G, vol. i.). — P. van Tioghem, " New researches in the Mucorini" (t. 1-4). — E. Prillieux, "On the for- mation of the gum of fruit-trees" (t. 5, 6). — U. Gayon. "On the role of microscopic beings in the change of organic substances. 1. The spontaneous putrefaction of eggs" (t. 7). — B. Renault, "On the silicified plants of Autun and St. Etienne, Botryopten's'' (t.8-13). — A. Mayer and A. de Wolkoff", " Researches on the respiration of plants." — A. Brongniart, " Observations on the Pandancte of New Caledonia" (t. 14, 15).— J. Duval-Jouve, "Histology of the leaves of Grasses" (t. 16-18).— G. Thuret (the late), "On the classification of the Nostochincay — P. van Tieghem, "On the specific gravity and

BOTANICAL NEWS. 31

structure of the embryo in some Leguminosce.^'' — Weddell, " Ou the r6le of the substratum in the distribution of saxicole Lichens."

Flora (October, 1875). — C. Luerssen, "Higher Cryptogams of the Hawai Islands." — W. Nylander, " Addenda nova ad Lichenographiam Europaeam" (2 new British species). — J. Miiller, " Eubiaceee Brasili- enses novae." — L. Dippel, " Remarks on Dr. Sanio's paper."

November.

Silliman^s American Journal. — A. Gray, " Estivation and its termiiiology."

Bot. Zeitung. — P. Ascherson, " On marine Phanerogams of the Indian Ocean and Archipelago." — F. Kienitz-GerlofF, " Eesearches on the development of the sporogones of Livermosses " (t. 9).

(Esterr. Bot. Zeitschr. — C. Haussknecht, " On Panicum (Setaria) amligmim, Guss." — F. Hauck, " Marine Algae of the Gulf of Trieste " (contd.). — A. Kerner, "Distribution of Hungarian plants " (contd.). — J. Wiesbaur, " On forms of Oak." — S. Schulzer v. Muggenburg, "On Hyphomycetes.^^ — B. Thiimen, '^ Saxifraga spotihemica.'''' — F. Antoine, " Botany at the Vienna Exhibition " (contd.).

Iledwigia. — J. Schroeter, " On some American Uredinece.''^

Botanisha Notiser. — J. E. Zetterstedt, " On the male plant of Rumex thyrsoideus.'^ — W. Berndes, " A new Scandinavian Moss." — Review of Swedish botanical literature for 1874.

Bot. Tidsskrifi{lS74, pt. 3).— M. J. P. Jacobsen, "Systematic and critical revision of the Desmidiacea of Denmark " (in French) (t. 7, 8.)

Neiv Books. — " Botanischer Jahresbericht," 1874, pt. 1st (Berlin). — H. Leitgeb, " Untersuchungen iiber die Lebermoose," pt. 2nd (12 plates. Jena). — C. Miiller, " Musci Schweinfurthiani in itineri- bus duobis in Africa cent, per ann. 1868-71 coll. determ et expos." (Berlin, 5nik.).

Prof. Todaro, of Palermo, has issued the first part of a folio work, " Hortus botanicus Parnormitanus," to consist of descriptions and coloured figures of new or critical plants cultivated in the Palermo Garden. Only two species are included in this first part — Bianccca scandens, Tod., of which Ccesalpmia sepiaria, Roxb., is quoted as a doubtful synonym ; and Erythrina insignis, Tod., a handsome species long cultivated in the garden, but its original locality unknown. The plates are handsomely printed in colours, but are unnecessarily large.

The volume of Pringsheim's " Jahrbiicher fur Wissenschaftlichen Botanik" for 1875 consists of memoirs by J. Reinke on the anatomy of secreting organs of leaves, with special reference to the " glands" so frequently found in connection with the teeth and petioles (with 2 plates) ; by Max Reess, on the reproductive process in the Basidio- mycetes ; by R. Hesse, on the germination of the spores of Cyathus striatiis, Willd. (with 1 plate) ; and by A. B. Frank, on the develop- ment of certain flowers, with reference especially to the theory of in- terposition (with 3 plates).-

Baron F. von Mueller, of Melbourne, continues to bring out his " Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae," containing new plants, cha- racters, or localities for the Australian continent. Parts 77 and 78

32 BOTANICAL NEWS.

contain several new genera, mcluHing Ballachi/u { = Rhamnus vitiensis, Benth.), named to cjmraeraorate the services of Mr. John Dallachy, who has been a very assiduous collector in Eastern Tropical Australia for ten years, where he has detected many novelties.

It is so rare to have anything botanical to record published in Spain that we were glad to receive Don M. Laguna y Villanueva's paper on a new Oak from the Philippines. We have transcribed its characters at p. 28 ; a figure of the fruit and foliage accompanies it in the original. There are now eight species of Quercus known in the Philippines.

The "Ofversigt" of the Hoyal Swedish Academy for 1875 (No. 6, pp. 13-43) contains a memoir by 0. Nordstedt on the Desmidia col- lected at Spitzbergen by the Swedish expedition of 1872-3. Many new species are fully described and illustrated in 3 beautiful plates drawn by the author. There are also lists of Besmidice from Russian Lapland and from Novaia Zemblia.

The Watfcrd Natural History Society have issued a second part of their " Transactions." In Botany it contains only some notes on the observation of the periods of flowering of certain species, by J. Hop- kinson and by the Rev. W. M. Hind.

Mr. Roper has lately communicated to the Eastbourne Natural History Society a paper on the additions to the Flora and Fauna during 1875. The large number of 46 Phanerogams, 2 Ferns, 3 Fungi, and 3 Lichens are enumerated.

M. H. Loret, whose Flora of Montpellier is expected before the spring, has printed in the " Revue des Sciences Naturelles" (June, 1875) some critical observations on some plants of that district, occupying 70 pages.

The " Abhandlungen " of the Bremen Natural History Society (bd. iv., hett 4, pp. 392-512) has a monograph of the Juncacecs of the Cape by Dr. Buchenau, illustrated by 7 plates.

We understand that Prof. Baillou is engaged on an illustrated Dictionary of Botany, which will be published in parts, at 5 francs each, by Hachette.

The death is recorded on November 9th of Dr. Jean Charles Marie Grcnier, Professor in the School of Medicine, and Dean of the Faculty of Sciences, at his native town, Besan^on, for many years. He was bom in 1808, and was therefore sixty-seven years of age. Fiench Botany owes much to his labours, which have resulted in two important treatises — one the standard "Flore de France," worked out with M. Godron, and published between 1848 and 1856, in three volumes ; the other the scarcely less valuable " Flore de la Chaine Jurassique," printed in two parts in 1865 and 1869,* and really, so far as it extends, a supplement to the earlier work. M. Grenier was also the author of many papers on PVcnch plants in the local trans- actions published at Strasburg, Bordeaux, and Besan^on, and in the Bulletin of the French Botanical Society ; his descriptions are charac- terised by great carefulness and lucidity, with a tendency to perhaps over-refinement, though he was not a splitter of the extreme type.

Sue uotices in Journ. Bot., ISfi.O, p. 195. and 1870, p. IG,

33

€>irtgmal ^rticlc^*

ON THE SPECIES OF GLYC08MIS

By S. Kurz. (Tab. 174, 175.)

In the present paper I have attempted to distinguish the forms which Prof, Oliver and Dr. Hooker have combined into one single variable species, viz., Glycosmis pentaphylla. As regards the species of the first section with the filaments dilated upwards, I feel sure of their validity, although some may be inclined to look upon G. lanceo- lata as a geographical species only. I encountered the chief diffi- culty in the second section with the filaments equally narrowed or slightly dilated downwards. Here G. singuliflora, G. chlorospenna, and G. macrophylla appear to me distinct beyond any doubt ; but it is the group of forms under the names of G. trifoliata, G. tri-phylla, and G. ptiherula which I have been unable to unravel properly on account of the meagre and incomplete material at my disposal. I am strongly in favour of uniting them all into one species, but any such step on my part would be premature, the more so as several forms of which I had only buds are provisionally incorporated in G. trifoliata, and these may prove distinct. Glycosmis arborea, Roxb., has remained a puzzle to botanists, and whether •; my var. insularis can fairly be brought together with it remains to be shown, Roxburgh's descrip- tion as well as figure is clear, and there can be little doubt that the species will finally be refound in the Circars. My variety of it has the largest flowers of all the genus, and when the tree is in bloom it presents quite a showy aspect in the jungles. Further inquiry and better knowledge of the trifoliata section may, however, reduce this species. For the present I must content myself with giving the result of my own researches, and leave the further elucidation of the doubtful species indicated to those who are in the possession of better material than I have at my command.

Conspectus of the Species.

* Filaments gradually dilated upwards, and abruptly acuminate below the anthers, ■j- Berries obovate to oboval, leaden-blue. Anthers obtuse ; ovary smooth . . , G. cyanea. f f Berries globular or nearly so, watery- white to flesh-coloured and crimson. Bark red-brown, fissured ; petals very deciduous ;

anthers minutely gland-tipped . . . G. lanceolata. Bark white ; petals more persistent ; anthers con- spicuously gland-tipped . . , . G. pentaphylla, K.s. VOL. 5. [Fubruary, 1876.] »

34 ON THE SPECIES OF GLTCOSMIS.

** Filamonts subuhite or linear, gradually uud Hlij^htly or not ililatud downwards, f Flowers solitary in the leaf-axils. Berries oblong, ^ in. long ; leaflets coriaceous,

polislicd above . . . . . O. sitigulijlora.

, f f Flowers in cymes, panicles, or simple or compound racemes. \ Nerves and midrib above not impressed. § Petals obovate to oboval, broad. Petals very deciduous ; anthers obtuse ; leaflets

usually large ...... G. trifoliata.

Petals more persistent^; anthers obtuse ; leaflets

small ....... G. triphylla.

Petals very deciduous ; anthers gland-tipped ; fila- ments short, equally filiform ; ovary sessile, densely rusty-pilose ..... G. puhenda.

§§ Petals very deciduous, linear-oblanceo- late. Anthers obtuse ; filaments very long ; ovary stipi-

tate, papillose or rarely smooth . . . G. arhorea.

\\ Nerves and midrib above conspicuously impressed. Leaflets greenish-grey ; berries the size of a

cherry ....... 6r. chloronpenna.

1. G. cyanocarpa, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv., 2, 101 (1827); Miq' Fl. Ind. Bat. i., 2, 521.— (CooH« cyanocarpa, Bl. Bydr., 136; G^ arborea, Wall. Cat. 6373 D. ; G. pentaphylla, Wall. Cat. 037-1 G., p.p.) — Frutex in arbusculum 8-15 pedalem cxcrescens, ramulis pallidis gcmmis vulgo fulvo-pilosis ; folia quam maxime variabilia, imjjari- pinnata ad unifoliolata, glabra; foliola 5-3-1, oblongo-lanccolata ad lanceolata, basi acuta v. acuminata, brovitcr petiolata, integra, acumi- nata usque ad obtuse et longe caudata, chartacea, glabra, 3-8 poll, longa V. (in simplicibus) usque 1 ped. longa ; flores parvinsculi, bre- vissime pedicellati, albi, paniculas pcdunculatas strictas v. cymas glabras v. fulvo-pilosulas axillares et terminales formantes ; caly.x glaber v. paree fulvo-pilosus, lobis lato-ovatis acutis ; petala obovato- oblonga, longius persistentes, 2 lin. circiter longa ; filamenta sursuin sensim dilatata et sub anthera oghuidulosa abrupte acuminata ; antlie- rarum loculi paralleli ; ovarium fusiforme cum stigmate obtuso con- tinuum 5-loculare ; bacca) obovatic, apiculatic, improsso-punctatoR, pliimbeo-cyanetc, vulgo2sperma), semina semiconcava, oblonga, pallida venosa.

Var. a. genuina, folia textura) tonuioris, majora, impari-piniiata ; paniculse brachiatce, longius pedunculatiT), terminales et axillares, petiolo multo longiores, ovarium 5-perraro 4-loculare.

Var. (i. sapindoides {G. .lapindoidcs, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 0370 ; H.f. Ind. Fl. i., 501 ; G. macrophylla, Wall. Cat. 0377 A. p.p.), folia format genuina3 sod palHdiora ; paniouhie a basi raniosa?, potiolo vulgo breviores, semper (?) axillares, ovarium 2- v. interdum 3- loculare.

Var, y. cymosa {G. oxypln/lla. Wall, in Voigt Cat. Hort. Calc, 1845, 129; G tetrvphyHii, Wall., I.e. ; G. hciila, Wall. :MS ; G. pen-

ON THE SPECIES OF GITCOSMIS. 35

taphtjlla, subvar. 4, Oliv. & H.f. Ind. Fl. i., 500 ? ; G. pentaphjUa, Wall. Cat. 6374 F.), folia minora, foliola subcoriacea, nitida, vulgo pallida ; paniculae ad cymas dichotomo-ramosas breviter pedunculatas V. subsessiles redactae, axillares, glaberrimse v. fulvo-pilosulse, petiolo vulgo breviores, ovarium vulgo 5-loculare.

? Var. ?. simplicifolia, {G. pentaphylla, subvar 1. lotigifolia, Oliv. & H.f. Ind. Fl. i., 500 ?), folia vulgo simplicia et multo majora ssepius usque ad pedem longa, subtus nonnunquam subargenteo-pallida cymiB parvse, breviter podunculatte v. ssepius sessiles et a basi ramosse, fulvo-pilosae axillares et terminales ; flores minores, ovarium 5- loculare.

Hab. — Var. a. Indian Archipelago, from Java northwards to Penang ; var. /8., Penang ; var. y., common in tropical forests from Assam and the Sikkim Himalaya to Burmah and Tenasserim (Hb. Griff, no. 523, 523, 1, and 526, 3, also greater part of " Gr. arborea," distributed from Kew Herb.) ; var. 3, Khasya Hills and Pegu, in dense tropical forests, ascends up to 4000 feet elevation.

This species has a wide range, and the cymose-flowered, smaller- leaved Sikkim form differs greatly in aspect from the genuine Malay form ; but Khasya specimens connect it in a wonderful way, for here the cymes change often into terminal and axillary peduncled panicles. Var. y. must remain for the present doubtful, for I have in most cases only young very rusty tomentose inflorescences before me.

2. G. lanceolata, Spreng., ap. T. et B. Cat. Hort. Bog., 1866, 208. — (^Sclerostylis lanceolata, Bl. Bydr. 134 ; G. simplicifolia, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv., 2, 162, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i., 2, 521 ; G. pentaphylla, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i., 2, 522, et auct. Batav., non Anglic, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv., 2, 161 ? ; G. virgata, T. et B. MS. ; G. microcarpa, T. et B. MS. ; G. latifolia, T. et. B. MS. ; G. macrophylla, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i., 2, 522 ? ; Sclerostylis macrophylla, Bl. Bydr. 135 ? ; G. ohtusa, Miq. in Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. i., 211?; Sclerostylis Timor iensis, Roem. Syn. fasc. i., 43. — Frutex usque 10 pedalis, glaber, gemmis rufo- V. fulvo- tomentellis, ramulis brunneis v. rufo-brunneis ; folia im- pari-pinnata v. ssepius simplicia ; foliola v. folia simplicia lanceolata ad oblongo-lanceolata et elliptica, breviter petiolulata, obtusa ad obtuse acuminata et emarginata, basi acuta acuminata v. obtusa, 3-5 poll, longa, fuscescenti-viridia, chartacea v. subcoriacea, integra, supra nitida ; flores parvi, albidi, brevissime pedicellati, cymas parvas v. paniculas pedunculatas v. a basi ramosaa axillares ct terminales vulgo fulvo-pilosas formantes ; calyx lato-ovatus, vulgo fulvo-pilosus ; petala 1 lin. longa v. longiora, obovalia, obtusa, mox decidua ; ovarium cum toro crasso conspicue papillosum, glabrum v. parce fulvo-pilosum, cum stylo crasso continuum, 2-3 loculare ; filamenta sursum sensim dila- tata et sub anthera abrupte acuminata ; antherse cordato-oblongae, glandula parva terminatfe v. apiculatae, loculis passim glanduloso- punctatis ; baccse globose, pisi minoris v. majoris magnitudine, cocci- ne8e,nitidse, l-2-sperm8e.

Hab. — Common all over Java, also Timor, Sumatra, Banca, Borneo (Motley, 271).

This takes the place of G. pentaphylla in the Malay Archipelago, and is easily enough distinguished from it by the brown or red-brown bark .

36 ON THE SPECrES OF GlYCOSMIS.

3. G.pentaphjUa, Corroa in Ann. Miis. vi., 381 ? ; W. & A. Prod, i., 93 ; DC. Prod, i., 538 ? ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. Madr. Anal. 43, t. 6, f. 6 ; Thw. Ceyl. PI. A^.—{Limonia fmiaplnjUa, Pctz Obs. Bot. v., 24?, lloxb. Corom. PI. i., t. 84, & Fl. Ind. ii., 381 ? ; G. arhorea, Thw. Coyl. PI. 45, Bot. Mag., t. 2074?; G. pentaphyUa, yar. 1, Oliv. & H.f. Ind. Fl. i., 500; G. Ectzii, 'Room. Syn. fasc. 1, 41 ?)— Fnitcx in arbusculum 10-15 pcdalem excrcsccns, vulgo 2-5 pod. altus, glaber v. soopius gemmis et novellis parcc fulvo-pilosis, cortice albo ; folia more specierum aliarum variabilia, impari-pinnata ad simplicia, glabra;! foliola 5-1, elliptico- ad lanceolata- oblonga et lanceolata, brevissimo petiolulata, basi vulgo acuta, obtusa, apiculata ad obtuse - acuminata, intcgra v. sursum serrulata, chartacea, 2-6 poll, longa, glaucesccnti-pallida et vulgo subopaca ; flores parviusculi, brevissimc pedicellati, albi, paniculas pedunculatasaxillares ct terminales glabras V. fulvo-pilosas vulgo petiolo multo longiores formantes, raro paniculoe parv£e et compactse ; calyx glaber v. fulvo-pilosulus, lobis lato-ovatia acutia ; petala lato-obovata, longius pcrsistentia ; filamenta sursum sensim dilatata et sub anthera abrupte acuminata, plana, supra con- caviuscula ; anthera) cordato-ovata), glandula conspicua lutcscente (in sicco nigra) terminata3 ; ovarium 5-raro 4-3-loculare, sessile, conicum et cum stylo continuum, stigmate disciformi crasso terminatum, grossc papillosum ; baccDD globosao, pisi magnitudine, aquose alba) v. carnea?, l-2-8perma), succosfe, nitidoe.

IIab. — Common all over and restricted to India, from the base of the whole Himalaya down to Hindostan as far as Ceylon, and Burmah as far south as Tavoy. In village woods of the alluvial plains it remains a small shrub, while on rocky soil and in the shade of forests it grows to be a small tree.

This is a well-marked form, which once recognised cannot easily be confounded with the other species. But in Assam and in Burmah, where it comes in contact with G. cyanocarpa, the texture of the leaves often approaches that of the cymose form of the latter form, and it is then not easy to separate them in herbaria without having the flowers or fruits at hand.

4. G. trifoliata, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv., 2, 1G2; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i., 521. — {Sclerostylis trifoliata, Bl. Bydr. 134 ; G. pmtaphylla, Bth. Fl. Austr. i., 368 ? ; G. virgata, T. et B. MS.)— Frutex usijue 8 pedalis, ramulis pallidis, gemmis stepius ferrugineo-tomentosis ; folia pinnatim 5-3- v. passitn 2-1-foliolata, glabra; foliola clliptico-oblonga ad oblongo-lanceolata et lanceolata, brevitcr petiolulata, obtusa v. apiculata ad obtuse-acuminata, 2-4 poll, longa, chartacea v. tenui- coriacea, Integra, supra magis minusve nitida v. sub-opaca ; flores parvi, ulbi, brevissirae pedicellati, racemos v. paniculas ferruginco- tomentosos axillares v. passim etiam terminales efficientes ; calyx rufo- tomentellus, glabrescens, lobis rotundatis ; petala valde decidua, in alabastro cxtus rufo-pilosa ; filamenta (ox alabastria sunipta) e basi latiore sursum sensim attenuata ; anthcrac cordatic, eglandulosa^ ; ovarium ovoideum, basi constrictum, in stylum tenuiusculum atxcnu- atum, fugacitcr rufo-pilosum, 3-locuiare ; baccae globosa), pisi minoris magnitudine, punctata).

Var. a. genuina., cf. descriptiouem spcciei, sed flores in racemos breves axillares dispositi.

ON THE SPECIES OF OLYCOSMIS. 37

Var. (j. angiisUfoUa (G. angustifolia, T. et B. Cat. Bog., 1866, 208), foliola minora, lanceolata, nitida ; flores minores, in paniculas parvas axillares et subterminales breves graciles dispositi ; ovarium papillosum, stylus crassior.

? Var, y. latifolia, folia 3-1-foliolata, foliola latiora, panicula; robustiores, parvae, axillares ; ovarium 5-loculare ?, laeve v. papil- losum.

? Var. Z. fuscescens, folia vulgo pinnato-3-foliolata, foliola nitida, in sicco semper fuscescentia ; paniculai parva3 v. in forma Assamica, magnse et valde ramosse, glabrce ; alabastra valde juvenilia tantum cognita.

Hab. — Var. a., Java, Australia, Queensland?; var. /?., Sunda Straits ; var. y., Andamans, in the tropical forests (also Heifer, 525 & 525, 1), ? Ceylon (T. Thomson sub nom. G. arlorm); var. I., fre- quent in the tropical forests of the Andamans and the Nicobars ; also Khasi hills.

The present species may turn out to consist of heterogeneous forms, but I am unable to place them properly, on account of the very meagre material at my disposal ; besides, I could not examine the male organs from ^opened flowers, and finally, of the Indian forms (vars. y. and (5.) I have seen either only buds or not well-developed ovaria.

Bentham's Australian O. pentaphylla quite agrees in its habit, &c., with the form called by Teysman and Binnendyck G. virgata, but the ovary is stated to be 5-4-celled. I have seen only the panicles with- out anything left on them.

5, G. triphjUa, Wight in Hook. Bot. Misc. iii., 298 ; Suppl. t. 39, &Icon., t. 167 ; W. & A. Prod, i., 93.— (G^. nitida, W. & A. Prod, i., 93.) — Frutex, novellis ferrugineo-tomentosis ; folia pinnatim 3-4-, rarius 5- v. 1- foliolata, glabra ; foliola inter minora, elliptico-oblonga ad ovata et ovato-lanceolata, obtusa v. breviter obtuse-acumi- nata, brevissime petiolulata, 1-3 poll, longa, integra, coriacea, nitida V. opaca ; flores parviusculi, 5-rariu3 4-meri, albi, brevissime pedicel- lati, paniculas breves ssepius in cymas contractas rufo- v. ferrugineo- tomentosas v. rarius subglabras axillares et terminates formantea ; calyx ferrugineo-tomentellus, lobis latis rotundatis v, acutiusculis ; petala longius persistentes, obovato-lanceolata, 2 lin. longa ; filamenta ebasi parum latiore subulata, plana; antherae cordato-oblongae, eglan- dulosae ; ovarium 5-4-loculare, ovoideo-oblongum, basi constrictum, stigmate obtuso ; baccae . . .

Var. a. genuina, foliola latiora, uti supra descripta.

Var. /3. angustifolia {G. angustifolia, Ldl. in Wall. Cat. 6378; W. & A. Prod, i., 93), foliola lanceolata v. lineari-lanceolata, l|^-3 poll, longa, 4-8 lin. lata.

Hab. — Apparently restricted to Hindostan (Wight Herb. 365 & 366; Wall. Cat. 6374 A.) ; Ceylon, 4500 feet (T. Thomson).

Future inquiries must show whether this species may not be a geographical form of G. trifoUata, but the unsatisfactory state of our knowledge of this latter species and its true distribution allows not even a guess in this direction. The persistent petals seem to be a good mark.

6. G. siNGULiFLOKA, nov. sp. Arbuscula ?, gemmis ferrugineo-vil- losis, ramulis pallidis ; folia iis G. angustifolicc, Lindl. similia, pinnatim

38 ON THE SPECIES OF GLTC0SMI3.

5-3-folioluta ; foliola subscssilia v. brcvitcr petiolulata, lanceolata, longius V. brcvius obtuse -acuminata, Integra, basi acuminata, coriacea, 8upra polita ; flores ... in axillis foliorum solitarii, pedunculum brevissimum crassum fcrrugineo-villoaum terminantes ; calyx ferru- gineo-pilosus, lobis ovatis, acutis ; baccoe oblongae, Ifcvcs, purpureae ?, 6-7 lin. longae, monospermae.

Hab. — Upper Assam, on the banks of the Brahmakoond (Masters). Fr. Febr.

A very distinct species, which I insert in this place solely on account of its great resemblance to G. angxistifolia, Lindl.

7, G. puherula, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 6375 ; Oliv. in Proc. Linn. Soc. V,, Suppl. ii., 39 ; H.f. Ind. Fl. i., 601. — Frutcx, gemmis fulvo- tomentosis, ramulis pallidis ; folia vulgo pinnatim 3-rarius 4-foliolata ; foliola lanceolata ad oblongo-lanceolata, basi cuneato-acuminata, bre- viter petiolulata, longius v. brevius obtuse-caudata, chartacea, 2-4 poll, longa, integra, glabra, supra nitentia ; flores . . . brevissime pediccllati, paniculas breves ferrugineo-tomcntosas axillares et termi- nales formantes ; calyx ferrugineo-pilosulus. glabrescens, lobis lato- ovatis acutis ; petala , . . valde decidua ; filamenta (ex alabastro juniore sumpta) linearia ; antheroe cordato-oblonga), apiculataj ; ova- rium conico-ovoidcum, basi vix constrictum, 5-4-loculare, dense ferru- gineo-pilosum, stigmato obtuso.

Hab. — Penang and Singapore (Wall.).

This species is very nearly allied to G. trifoliata, and I have kept it up for two reasons — first, because the material before me is incomplete ; and, ^secondly, the equally linear filaments and gland- tipped anthers may aff'ord a better distinction when taken from open flowers, whereas mine came from a very young bud.

8. G. arhorea, Corr. in Ann. Mus. vi., 384 ; W. & A. Prod, i., 92. {Limonia arhorea, Roxb. Corom. PI. i., 60, t. 85., & Fl. Ind. ii., 381.) — Arborea, ramulis brunnesccntibus ; folia pinnatim 5-foliolata ; foliola oblonga, poll, longa, breviter petiolatu, sursum serrata, glabra ; flores parvi, albi, brevissime pedicellata, paniculas pedunculatas magnas axillares formantes ; calyx 5-dentatus ? ; petala longius pcrsis- tentes ?, lineari-obovata, lin. circiter longa, reflexa ; filamenta fili- formia, elongata ; antheroe cordata), obtusa> ; ovarium conico-lagenoe- forme, toro crasso insidens, stigmatc obtuso truncato ; baccse globosae, pisi minoris magnitudine, 1-2-spcrma}, rubrrc.

Yar. a. gcnuina, foliola serrata ; ovarium in toro crasso sessile ; calyx dentatus ? ; paniculoc pedunculatas.

Var. /?. insular is, foliola integra ; ovarium stipitatum ; calyx den- tatus ; paniculas breves, sessiles v. brcvitcr pedunculata, ferrugineo- tomentosae.

Arbor 20-25 pedalis, gemmis ferrugineo-villosis, ramulis brun- nesccntibus ; folia pinnatim 5-3 -foliolata, glabra; foliola elliptica ad elliptico- ct ovato- oblonga, basi acuminata, breviter petiolulata, obtusc-acuminata, 4-6 poll, longa, integra, chartacea, supra nitida v. opaca ; flores majusculi, albi, brevissime pedicellati, in paniculas contractas breves fuligineo- v. forrugineo- tomentosas axillares et terminales disgesti ; calyx breviter subcampanulatus, 5- dentatus ; petala lincari-oblanccolata, 2^^ lin. longa, valde decidua ; filamenta filiformia, ovario longiora ; anthera; cordate-

ON THE SPECIES OF GLTCOSMIS. 39

ovales, eglandulosa3 ; ovarium fusiforme, stipitatum, nunc laeve et pilosum et in gracilem stylum, nunc papillosum et in stylum crassum truncatum attenuatum, 5-loculare ; bacca3 globosse, pisi magnitudine, l-2-sperm8C, coccinejB, nitidas.

Hab. — Var. «., Circar Mountains; var. (3., frequent in tropical forests of the Andamans and the Nicobars, ? Chittagong (H.f. & Th. sub nora. G. arhorea), ? Ceylon (Thw. 1192, p.p.).

It is rather hazardous to identity a more Malayan form with Rox- burgh's plant, but I can find nothing that could agree better with Roxburgh's figure and description. The ovary, however, and the ser- rate leaves of the Circar plant form a serious obstacle, and I have, therefore, drawn ixp a separate description of the insular form. If we attach not much value to the form of the ovary, the persistency of the petals, the anther-glands, and slight dilatations of the filaments, we might bring G. trifoliata, triphylla, puberula and this species all under one, call it very variable, and give it as wide a range as possible ; but I fear that little would be gained from such a pro- ceeding.

9. G. chlorosperma, Spreng. Syst. Veg. iv., 2, 162 ; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. i., 2, 522. — {Cookia chlorosperma, Rl. Bydr., 135.)— Frutex 4-6 pedalis, novellis ferrugineo-tomeutosis, ramulis pallide brunneis ; folia vulgo pinnatim 4-3- rarius 7-5- foliolata, glabra; foliola elliptico- ad ovato- oblonga, breviter petiolulata, basi acuminata et ssepius sub- inequalia, subabrupte obtuse-acuminata, 4-7 poll, longa, chartacea, integra, in sicco cinerascentia et opaca, costa et nervis lateralibus supra impressis ; stipulae conspicuse, persistentes, 2-3 lin. longae, Bubulatse, fulvo-tomentellse ; paniculoe robustse, fulvo- v. ferrugineo- tomentellae, subsessiles v. longe pedunculatae, in axillis folii terminali sitee V. rarius axillares ; flores . . ., subsessiles, glomerulati ; "calyx parvus, 5-phyllus ; petala 5, elliptica, erecto-patentia ; stamina pler- umque 9, filamcnta lineari-subulata, compressa ; antherae cordatse ; ovarium basi tumidum, 5-loculare ; stylus subnullus, stigmate obtuso " (ex cl. Blume)^; baccffi globosse, cerasi minoris magnitudine, exsucca stigmate sessili obtuso terminatse, l-3-sperm8e, Iseves.

Hab. — In the hill forests of Western Java.

This species is as yet incompletely known, but a very distinct one on account of the conspicuous persistent stipules and the impressed midrib and nerves.

10. G. macrophylla, Lindl. in Wall. Cat. 6377. — {G . pentaphylla, Bubvar. 2, macrophylla^ Oliv. & H.f. Ind. Fl. i., 500. ) — Fruticosa, glabra ; folia opposita v. subopposita, v. summa passim alterna, pinnatim 7-5- raro 1- foliolata, glabra; foliololaoblongo-lanceolata ad lanceolata, basi acuta v. acuminata, longiuscule petiolulata, 3-6, in simplicibus 6-9 poll, longa, obtuse-acuminata, integra, chartacea, imprimis supra nitida ; stipulse subulatce, longius persistentes, \-\\ lin. longae, glabrae, et paraphyllis stipuliformibus associatae ; paraphylla ab petioli insertione paullo remota, lineari-lanceolata ad linearia, obtuse-acuminata, basi in petiolum brevem abeuntia, f-li poll. longa; paniculae pedunculatae, parvae, rigidae, subglabrae, terminales et basi paraphyllis 4 quasi in- volucratae ; flores subsessiles, ignoti ; calycis lobi ovales, subglabri ; ovarium ovoideum, toro crasso insidens, stylo brevi robusto trun- cate.

40 ON THE SPECIES OF GLTCOSMIS.

Hab. — Pcnang (Wall. Cat. ^377 ; Maingay, no. 282). — According to Hook, f., also in Assam and Tavoy.

A very peculiar form on account of the paraphylla and the opposite leaves, in general habit resembling G. sapindoidcs. In the simple- leaved form the paraphylla seem absent, at least in the only specimen before me (not a good one) they are so. Hooker identifies with the above Chionotria rigida, Jack, Mai. Misc. ex Hook, Comp, Eot. Mag. i., 155 {Ch. monogyna, Walp. Hep. i., 382 ; Koem. Syn., fasc. 1, 73), and there are really many points that agree ; but in this case the species would turn out to be a very marked one, for the calyx is said to be very small, and "the petals little longer than the calyx," the berries the size of a cherry, snow- while, consisting of " spongy farinaceous pulp."

Sj)ecies dubice.

1. G. dtrt/olia, Lindl. in Trans. Hort. Soc. Lend, vi., 72; Bth. Fl. Hongk., 51. — (G. parvijlora, Eot. Mag., t. 2416; Limonia citri- folia, Willd. Enum. 4481?, DC. Prod, i., 536?; G. hetcrophijlla, A. Rich, in Sagr. Hist. Cuba, Bot. i., 231 ?.)

Hah. — China.

Of this species I know nothing, and the figure in the "Botanical Magazine " is worthless at the present time. Oliver reduces it to his var. chinensis of G. pentaphylla.

2. G. bilocularis, Thw. Ceyl. PI., 45 ; Oliv. & H.f. Ind. Fl. i., 500.

Hab. — Ceylon, Maturattc district.

It seems that much too much stress has been laid upon the 2-celled ovary. The filaments are described as " multum et irregulariter dilatata, interne concava." It probably will turn out a synonym of one of the species adopted above. I have seen no specimens.

3. G. chylocarpa, "W. & A. Prodr. i,, 'dZ.—{Myxospermu7n chylo- carptim. Room. Syn., fasc. i., 40.)

Hab . — Hindostan.

4. G. macrocarpa, "Wight 111. i., 109. — (C pcjitaphylla, var. 3, macrocarpa, H.f. Ind. Fl. i., 500.)

Hab.— Courtallum (AVight).

This species is unknown to me, but the large fruits (4-I in. thick) alone would prevent me from making a variety of G. pentaphylla.

Explanation of Tahs. 174, 176.

Tab. 174. — Fig, 1—2, Ghjcosmis singuU flora, Kz. ; fig. 3—8, Gh/cosmis arborea, var. insularis; fig. 9 — 12, Glycosmis (r{2)h>/lla, Wight; fig. 13—14, Glycosmis pubemla, Wight; fig. 15 — 19, G I ycosmU pentaphylla, Corr. ; fig. 20 — 23, Glycosviis lanccolata, Spreng. Fig. 1 natural size, the rest all more or less magnified. Explanation of figures tliemsolves unnecessary. (Ovary fig. G and 7 came from fiowers off the same tree, thus verifying Ilasskarl's observation (Cat. Bog. cd. alt.) : *' Oviirium et hacca 1-6-loculata, loculis l-spermis, in codcm ramo maxima variabilis.")

Tab. 175. Glycosmis cyanocarpa, 8preng. — Fig. I — 4, forma gcnuina ; fig. 5—7, forma cymosa. Fig. 1, Flowering and fruiting branch, nat. size ; fig. 2, Ovary ; fig. 3, I'ctal ; fig. 4, Stamen ; fig. 5, Flowering branch, nat. size ; fig. 6, Kipe berries ; fig. 7, Seeds, back and side view.

IlBair,Litli.

rli^cosinis

.a*...

Tab. 17r

D DkiE Utli.

M?.uiiiT.'i t4a»-<loruiiJ.u-ji Lundiin

Glyco smis cyan o c ar]) a., Sprerog.

PLANTS COLLECTED IN SPITZBERGEN. 41

A LIST OF PLANTS COLLECTED IN SPITZBERGEN IN THE SUMMER OF 1873, WITH THEIR LOCALITIES.

By the Rev. A. E. Eaton, M.A.*

In the summer of 1873 (June to September inclusive) a collection of animals and plants was made in Spitzbergen during the third cruise to the Greenland Sea of B. Leigh Smith, Kt. of the Order of the Polar Star. Amongst the plants were several species of inte- rest, some being previously unknown as natives of that country, and others new to science. The Phanerogams and higher Cryptogams were worked out by Mr. Le Marchant Moore ; Dr. Dickie determined the Algae, with the exception of the Diatoms, which were investigated by the Rev. E. O'Mcara, whose descriptions of the new species were published in the " Quarterly Journal of Micro- scopical Science " (1874, pp. 254-261, tab. 8.) Amongst the Lichens and Mosses there was nothing worthy of particular notice.

Approximate conception of the general aspect of the country can be formed by persons acquainted with alpine scenery. "West Spitz- bergen is more mountainous and rugged than North-East Land ; but its snow-fields and glaciers are less extensive than those of the latter. From the hills near King's Bay views of the surrounding highlands are commanded similar in character to those obtained in the higher regions of the Swiss Alps on a reduced scale. But looking eastward from the southern portion of Hinlopen Straits, the ground, slightly un- dulating, is seen to rise gradually upward from the sea in a succession of smooth slopes extending as far as the eye can follow them towards the interior of the island, with scarcely a break in the even contour of their snow-clad surface. Towards Cape Leigh Smith and its northern coast, however, North-East Land is hilly and mountainous. The land adjacent to the western and northern shores of ,the islands is usually free from snow in the height of summer.

The ground itself is in most places destitute of soil ; where there is any it is generally sandy. The surface consists principally of broken rocks mixed with smaller stones, amongst which (especially where banks are formed) patches of such plants as are characteristic of the various altitudes struggle for existence. The most abundant species grow on the lowlands bordering upon the shore. The rarities are chiefly found farther from the sea. The upper parts of the debris accumulated at the base of the precipitous sides of some of the valleys afford suitable soil for delicate plants.

The localities cited in the list are given in modern charts. Where Wide Bay is specified, its eastern shore is to be understood to be alluded to. The few species new to the flora are distinguished by the prefix of an asterisk.

* It may seem somewhat of a repetition to publish the following list, as the floraof Spitzbergen is so well known, and a complete catalogue of the Phanerogams has been printed in our pages (Journ. Bot., 1864, pp. 130, 162, and 1874, p. 152). But the present contains a few novelties, and the localities are for the most part different to those given in Malmgren's and the other luta.— [Ed. Journ. Bot,]

42 rLAKTS COLLECTED IN SPITZ BERG EN.

Ranunculus sulphurous, Sol. Walden Id., Lommo Bay, IIocUi Cove, Wide Bay, Hope Id. *acri8, L. Wide Bay, in cliffs near a glacier, pypmscus, Wahl. Wide Bay. hyperboreus, Ilotth. Wide Bay. lapponicus, L. Wide Bay. Papavcr nudicaulc, L. Cape Oetkcr, Hecla Cove, Wide Bay (some

with sulphur-coloured petals), Hope Id. Cardamine pratensis, L. Green Harbour.

Cochlearia fcnestrata, 72.i?r. Walden Id., Wide Bay. Some speci- mens in June, scarcely exposed by the meltiiicj of the snow, were in flower. Their inflorescence was very dense, subcorymbose, and subscssile. The same plants were almost leafless. Draba hirta, L. Wide Bay. " The several forms in the collec- tion vary in height from 1^ inch to 5 inches." — Moore. The tallest specimens grew amongst the cliffs near a glacier, on the east side of the eastern fork of the inlet, slightly higher up than the furcation, alpina, L. Lomme Bay, Hecla Cove, Wide Bay, Hope

Id. Wahlenbergii, Hartm. Wide Bay, near Aldert Dirke's

Lakes, rupcstris, R.Br. Lomme Bay, Hecla Cove. " A dwarf

form." — Moore, sp, dub. Wide Bay. Braya purpurascens, R.Br. Wide Bay. On sandy micaceous soil

in a valley. Lychnis apetala, L. Wide Bay. Alsine rxibella, Wahl. Lomme Bay, Wide Bay.

biflora, L. Wide Bay. Stellaria longipes ?, var. Goldie. Wide Bay. "A plant with shorter and broader leaves than the normal S. longi- pes ; perhaps a distinct species." — Moore. In cliffs with D. hirta. Cerastium alpinum, L. Lomme Bay, Wide Bay.

var. lanatum. Walden Id. Dryas octopetala, L. Lomme Bay, Hecla Cove, Wide Bay, King's

Bay. Potentilla emarginata, Bursh. Wide Bay, Hope Id. pulchella, R.Br. Wide Bay. nivea, L. Wide Bay. Saxifraga flagellaris, R.Br. Hecla Cove, Wide Bay, Lomme Bay. A very few specimens had two flowers at the summit of the peduncle instead of one only. Hirculus, Z. Hecla Cove, Lomme ]5ay. aizoides, L. Wide Bay.

cajspitosa, Z., S. grcenlandica, R.Br. Cape Oetker, Hecla Cove, Wide Bay, Hope Id. " The Hope Id. specimen is a dwarf not } inch high ; those from Wide Bay have luxuriant shoots rising 6 inches above the ground." — Moore. These last-

PLANTS COLLECTED IN SPITZBEEGEN. 43

mentioned plants grew amongst the broken rocks at the base of a cliff in the valley. Saxifraga cernua, L. Wide Bay, Hope Id.

nivalis, L. Lomme Bay, Wide Bay, Hope Id. oppositifolia, L. King's Bay, Wide Bay, Hecla Cove, Cape Oetker. Taraxacum phymatocarpum, Valil. Hecla Cove, Wide Bay. Scarce on the low ground by the sea, but common in the cliffs of the valleys. Petasites frigida, Fr. In Ice Fiord near the entrance of Green

Harbour (S. side). Erigeron uniflorus, L. Hecla Cave, Wide Bay. Arnica alpina, L. Wide Bay. In cliffs near a glacier. Campanula uniflora, L. Wide Bay. On the cliffs of valleys. Andromeda tetragona, L. Lomme Bay, Wide Bay. On hills,

common. Gentiana * tenella. Fries. Wide Bay, at the base of a cliff in a

valley. Very local. Pedicularis hirsuta, L. Wide Bay. Polygonum viviparum, L. Wide Bay. Oxyria reniformis. Hook. Cape Oetker, Hecla Cove, Wide

Bay. Salix polaris, VaJil. North Cape Id., Cape Oetker, Lomme Bay, Hecla Cove, Wide Bay, King's Bay. Abundant. The autumnal tints of its leaves, the plant growing in patches almost even with the surface, contrast strangely with the soil. Juncus biglumis, L. In Wide Bay, near Aldert Dirke's Lakes. Luzula arcuata, Wahl. Hecla Cove, Wide Bay, Hope Id.

hyperborea, R.Br. Wide Bay. Eriophorum capitatum, Hart. Wide Bay.

angustifolium, Roth. Wide Bay. Carex dioica, L., var. parallela. Wide Bay. nardina. Fries. Lomme Bay.

misandra, R.Br., C. fuliginosa, Fries. Hecla Cove, Wide Bay. Hierochloe pauciflora, R.Br. Hecla Cove. Alopecurus alpinus, L. Lomme Bay, Wide Bay, Hope Id. Aira alpina, X. ? ? Hope Id. Trisetum subspicatum, Fr. Wide Bay. Phippsia algida, R.Br. Wide Bay.

Poa flexuosa, Wahl., P. laxa, licenke, P. cenisea. All., P. arctica, R.Br. Wide Bay, Hope Id. " The various forms in the collection include the vars. abhreviata and prolifera.''^ Glyceria * maritima, Walh., var. festuciformis, Hartm. ?? Hope

Id. Festuca brevifolia, R.Br. Hecla Cove.

ovina, Z. Lomme Bay, Wide Bay. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh. Wide Bay. Rather common amongst debris at the base of cliffs on the northern sides of the eastern valleys. Lycopodium Selago, L. Wide Bay,

44 TWO NEW HONGKONG OBCHIDS.

Equisctum varicj^atum, L. Wide Bay. arvenso, Z. Wide liay.

Junjj;crmannia miiiuta, Cr. Treurcnberg Bay, Hinlopon Straits.

Jlarcliuutia * polymorpha, L. Lomino Eay. Nearly a dozen barren plants, each of them about as small as a little finger-nail, were found upon a damp sandy bank on the western side of the hills projocting into the bay, facing the glacier.

Agaricus (Psolliota) arvensis, Schceff. "Wide 13ay. gp. dub. Wide Bay.

Fucus vcsiculosus, Z. Moilen Id., Green Harbour. The Moffen Island specimens were stranded, with the stones to which they were attached, upon the inner shore of the island. At Green Harbour the plants grew upon rocks between tide -marks. This was the only place in the islands where seaweeds were found growing between the tide- marks ; the ice in other parts would scour or tear them off from their points of attachment. But in this locality the plants were protected from the drift ice by a reef of rocks.

Desmarestia aculcata, Lamh. Fair Haven, Treurenberg Bay, Lomme Bay.

Alaria esculenta, Grev. Fair Haven, Hinlopen Straits.

Laminaria saccharina, Z. Fair Haven and Hinlopen Straits.

Si)hacelaria plumosa, Lxjnyl. Fair Haven.

Odonthalia dentata, Lyngb. Fair Haven.

Polysiphonia arctica, J. Ag. Norway Ids. in Fair Haven.

Delesseria sinuosa, Lam. Everywhere.

Khodymenia palmata, Ger. Fair Haven.

Euthora cristata, Ger. Fair Haven.

Phyllophora intcrrupta, Ger. Fair Haven.

Ptilota serrata, Kiltz. Fair Haven, Hinlopon Straits.

Conferva Melanogonium, Kg. Fair Haven and Lomme Bay. The name is usually misspelt melagom'um.

Protococcus nivalis, Ag. Hope Id.

The Fair Haven specimens were brought up together when the anchor was weighed.

TWO NEW HONGKONG ORCHIDS.

By H. F. Hance, Ph.D., etc.

1. BoLBOPHYLLUM {Cirrhopetalum) delitescens, sp. nov. — Bhizo- mate repente sesquilineam crasso, pseudobulbo ovato fibris circum- vallato in sicco tenuiter longitudinaliter ruguloso, folio soiitario ovali- oblongo obtuso basi cuneatim augustato 5-pollicari medio 1| poll, lato scapum circiter a-;(|uaute, scapis bifloris, vaginis arete adpressis, bracteis setacco-subulatis pedicellis duplo brevioribus, phyllo supremo cyrabi- formi Irincrvi 4 lin. longo interioribusque (luadrato-oblongis ex apice truncate v. obtuso setam 1-2 lincalem oxserentibus luteralibus lineari-

THREE CURIOUS PLANTS, 45

bus acuminatis trinorvibus 2| poll, longis omnibus glaberrimis nudis labello recurvo.

In monte Victoria, Julio mense 1873. (Exsicc. n. 19111.)

The only specimen of this I have seen was obligingly given me in a dried state by the Kev. James Lament, who received it from Mr. Ford. It seems only to have been gathered once. The materials do not admit of a fuller description than I have given, but the species appears distinct, and nearest C. Macraei, Lindl. I have no hesitation in following Prof. Eeichenbach fil. in uniting Cirrhopetalum with Bolbophyllum.

2. Cleisostoma. Fordii, sp. nov. — Foliis lanceolato-linearibus sub- tus carinatis apice subito in acumen complicatum contractis carnosis introveniis 4^ poll, longis semipollicem latis, spicis nutantibus l^ poll, longis 10-15 floris, rachi pallida, bracteis ovatis minutis, floribus 5 lin. diametro glaberrimis arete sessilibus, perigonii phyllis sub- fequalibus (interioribus parum angustioribus) oblongis obtusiusculis luteolis fasciis binis dilute lateritiis intramarginalibus notatis, labelli cymbiformis trilobi laciniis lateralibus subtruncatis erectis medio subu- lato-acuminatis roseo-purpureis intermedio latere utroque tumido ovato acumine subulato sursum curvato cum calcare obtuso bilineali albo-purpurascente, processu occludente carnoso erecto quadrato bilobo albo-hyalino. (Exsicc. n. 19121).

From the brief diagnosis, this appears to be very near C. amahile, Teijsm. & Binnend., from Mount Salak, Western Java, but it does not agree in the shape of the labellum. And, with the exception of those species which are widely spread over Southern Asia, not one of the thirty Orchids found in Hongkong occurs in Java. The scarcely- known C. subulatum, BL, is also doubtless another close relative, but is described as having branching spikes, and is quite insufficiently characterised. Of the four or five-and-twenty species known, only five or six have pointed leaves. I have described the present plant from a living specimen, for which I am indebted to Mr. Charles Ford, the Superintendent of the Hongkong Public Gardens, after whom 1 have named it. It was found by one of his collectors somewhere in the east of the island, and has since been again gathered near Tai tam tuk.

THREE CUEIOUS PLANTS. By H. G. Eeichenbach fil.

1. BAi^NornoRA Hildebrandtii. — Thalli tuberibus turbinatis con- catenatis pustulis moriformibus paucilobis frequentissimis stipite a gquamis imbricantibus tecto, inferioribus ssepe connatis, inflorescentia exserta, spadice foemineo conico obtuso spadicellis polyhedricis innu- meris, floribus masculis suppositis paucis, sessilibus, iufimis nunc dis- tantibus, bracteis transversis subobsoletis, sepalis triangulis (raro 3), 4, 5, nunc asqualibus, nunc valde inasqualibus, anthcris numerosi- oribus in columnam sessilem connatis.

Near i>. poli/midra, Griff, This has the male flowers with very

46 thuee cuTiious plants.

short stalks. I find tlicm sometimes just sessile. It is manifestly dioicous.

Johanna I., Comoro Islands, Juno- August, 1875 ; J. M. Ililde- brandt. Comui. C. Kensch, sub no. 18b4.

2. IsATis BorssiEKiANA. — Soct. uov. Boissierunia : siliculis hetero- morphis, inferioribus loculo corneo transverse costato ala baseos cordata, ala apicis rostriformi nunc emarginata, alis latoralibus denium evanidis obliteratisve, siliculia euperioribus circa circum ubique bene alatis, multo minus costatis.

/. Boissieriana ; annua, ghiuca, usque pcdalia, nunc ramosa, foliis inferioribus cuneato oblongis acutis Rinuato-dentatis, supcrioribus cor- date sagittatis oblongis acutis nunc integerrimis, racemis multifloris, siliculis velutinis.

I obtained the seeds of this curious plant some yeai's ago from the Moscow Botanic Garden, labelled *' hatis, sp. Samarkand." The first year, being absent during the very short time of flowering, I found the withered petals white. I was much struck by the abnormal seed- pods, and thought of a new genus. I sent what I could to M. Boissier, who was much astonished at the queer thing, and asked whether the flowers were really white. The plant has now flowered several times, and looks very elegant when the leaves keep very small, Its petals are light yellow. Last year I missed the plant, and the foreman ia charge of it told me the seeds of 1874 had not germinated. I imme- diately ordered him to sow all our stock in two parts, at a week's interval, and we obtained a very rich harvest. I tell this to show how easily such a plant may be lost in botanic gardens, if the super- intendent does not keep a look-out for it. I then twice sent good specimens to M. Boissier, a little suspecting that it might be an anomalous state of some known /jrt^z's. Though quite overdone with his own work, M. Boissier was kind enough to compare the plant, with his usual accuracy, with his unique set of Oriental types. Finally, he told me lately it was decidedly new to his " Flora Orientalis." He wanted me to look at the numerous recent Russian publications. I had already done so, so far as I was able ; but as those publications are scattered everywhere, I thought it better to address myself to Kew, asking that Mr. N. Brown might look for a new Isatis, or an allied supposed new genus. He has lately informed me that Professor Oliver himself, who is overburdened so much with work, had most kindly looked over all the recent Russian publications without finding a trace of it. I had expected M. Boissier would name the plant, as I had asked him to do, but he did not do so. Hence I now avail myself of the opportunity of adorning the plant with M. Boissier's name, who for thirty-two years has ever proved the same kind and obliging cor- respondent. I need not say that I will take care to have the plant ■well represented in the two great public Herbaria of London and environs on the first opportunity.

3. Akchanqblica brkvioaulis. — Angelocarpa breiu'caulis, Rupr. Sert. Tianschan., p. 48 (1869). When in 1869 my late excellent friend Ruprecht, a botanist from love for botany and not from selfish ambi- tion, made a long stay at Hamburg, he gave me the fruit of this plant, gathered in 1867, wanting me to take the greatest care of it, though not hoping for success. I did my best, and have succeeded in keeping

ADDITIONS TO THE " OUTLINE OF THE FLORA OF SUSSEX." 47

it through several generations from that time. I feel, however, very sorry to find that the distinctions from Archangelica, the angular trans- soction of the mericarp and the equal, broad wings, prove inconstant. The fruits of the garden plant get nearer and nearer Archangelica. The plant grows rather tall, and its name can only be understood by a comparison with a full-grown A. officinalis, as tall as a Horse-Guard.

A FEW CORRECTIONS FOR, AND ADDITIONS TO, THE

" OUTLINE OF THE FLORA OF SUSSEX."

By W. B. Hemslet, A.L.S.

Since my catalogue of Sussex plants* has been in print I have dis- covered that several common species were inadvertantly omitted in the hurry of copying. Some of these omissions have been pointed out to me by more than one of the contributors to the list, and as I re- ceived a few important notes too late for incorporation, I cannot do better, I think, than publish at once what they contain of interest, together with the corrections.

In the first place, I will enumerate the species omitted : — Viola hirta, Prunella vulgaris, Carex riparia, and Poa compressa.

The Rev. H. E. Fox has kindly communicated a long list of plants observed in West Sussex, chiefly near Midhurst, during the month of August, 1875. It contains several additions to those indicated in my catalogue for the West Rother District, and one, Hypericum inontanum, is new to the county. I have not seen a specimen of the latter, but as Mr. Fox's list includes all the other species of Hypericum known to occur in Sussex, I have no reason to suppose that he was mistaken. The following are all from W.R., except where otherwise indicated : — Meco- ?iopsi8 camhrica (a weed in gardens). Erysimum cheiranthoides, Lepiclium Draba, Thlaspi arvense, Polygala vulgaris, var. deptressa, Stellaria aquatica, Spergularia neglecta (Ar.), Hypericum montanum, Agi-imonia odorata, Carum segetum, (Enanthe. LacJienalii, Valerianella Auricula, Campanula rapunculoides (weed in gardens), Lyciiim barbarum (quite naturalised on the shore at Bognor, Ar.), Antirrhimim Orontium, Minmlus luteus (an escape, riverside), Veronica scutellata, Thymus Chamcedrys, Stachys arvensis, Polygonum minus, Chenojwdium Boiius- ITenricus, Viscum album (on one Thorn bush in a garden), Buxus sempervirens (without any remark, though most likely planted), Lemna polyrhiza, Eleocharis multicaulis, and Carex binervis.

Mr. B. Helyer, junior, sends the following, among other notes : — Crambe maritima, E.R. ; Lathyrus maritimus, E.R. ; Crithmum mariti- ■iniim, E.R. ; Ruhus corylifolius, C. ; Hyoscyamus niger, E.R. ; Monotropa Hypopitys, Ad.; Symphitum officinale, M. ; Orobanche major, M. ; Mentha rotundifolia, W.R. ; Verbascum nigrum, M. ; Anagallis icnella, C. ; Myrica Gale, C, ; and Epipactis palustris. Ad-, 1874.

• See Supplement to last year's (1875) volume.

48 ADDITIONS TO THE " OUTLINE OF THE FLOltA OF SUSSEX.''

To Mr. II. A. Pryor I am iiulcbtcfl for some corrections, given witli others below, anda few additions, as llanunculus Limjua, E.K.; Arcnuria U'ptoclddos, W.R. ; Lnnicei'a X//losfeam, Ad. (several bushes in the lane; up to Steyning Eorstal, in the hedge of what is now a field, but may once have been a garden) ; Hieracium boreale, Ad. ; Ncpeta Cataria, W.R. ; AnagaUis caru/ea, Ad. ; Pobigonum amp/dbiitm, var, aquatkinn ().'; P. a. var. terrestre, W.R. ; P. ariculare, var. arcnastrum, Ad. ; Nephrodium (cmnlum, 0. Mr. Pryor also adds the following from M8S. notes by the late Rev. W. H. Coleman: — Spergulnria marina, E.R. ; Rosa micvantha, E.R. ; Calamiatha Nepeta, E.R. ; Scirpus Taherncemontaniy 0. ; Carex distans, 0. ; and Ghjceria loliacca, 0.

Mr. F. C. S. Roper adds for the Cuckraere district : — Rammcuhis t7itermedius, Hiern, Fumaria Borcei, F. mtiralin, Silene noctiflora, Malva horcalis* (Mrs. B. Oakeshott), XJlex Gallii, Ruhis macrophylhm, R. villicmilu (Mr. 13. D. Jackson), Rosa arvatica (Jackson), it. Htylosa, Carex lavigata, Glyccria plicaia^ Bromiis arvensis (Jackson), Triticum pungens, and Aspidium angulare.

Respecting Cladhim Man'scus, the Rev. F. H. Arnold writes to the effect that he believes it to be truly wild, and adds that the Rev. J, Eraser gathered it in the lake in Arundel Park, ** where there is no likelihood of its having been planted." On this point, however, I cannot agree with him, because I think it very likely that this plant, Acorns Calamus, and some others growing in the lake were originally planted there. Hypterimm anglicum is quite naturalised at JBuxted, Ouse, and Mr. Warren lately reported true Atriplex rosea from the Adur. The Rev. F. H. Arnold adds the following in W.R. : — Gera- nium pyrenaicum, Chichester ; Stellaria nquatica, banks of the Lavant ; Petasites vidgaris, and Lemna trisulca. And the Rev. E. Bloomfield sends habitats for the following in E.R. : — Cramlo mari- tima, Lathyrus maritimtis, Crithmum maritimum, Crepis bietitiis, Hieracium sylvatictim, Cuscuta Trifolii, Listera Nidus-avis, Carex fulva, Aspidium acttleatum, var. angtdare and var. acxdeatum.

Mr. W. W. Reeves communicates habitats for Senebiera didyma, W.R. ; Matinc hexandra, Eridge Park, M. ; Trifolium suffocatum, Little- harapton, Ar. ; Prunus Cerasus, M. ; Myosotis cccspitosa, M. ; J/, repens, E.R. and M. ; Mentha Pulegtum, M. ; M. alopecuroidcs, Racton, W. R. (G. B. Wollaston) ; Utricularia minor, C. (Mr. Bennett) ; Butomus umbel- latus, M. ; J uncus acutus, W.R. ; Carex moniana, Crowborough, M. Mr. Reeves adds some notes on the claims of certain species to be con- sidered wild, for which I have not sufficient space here.

* We are indebted to Jlr. W. W. Reeves for the opportunity of examining this Malva. It is doubtlesa M. borealis, Walhn., a jilant which has occurred as a casual in several parts of Enfjland and also near Dublin. It was first noticed in England near llylhe by Hudson, in the last century, and so got into the books as a native. A plant j^rown from his seeds was fii^ured in "English Botany," and is in Sowerby's herbarium, fairly agreeing with these Sussex examples. — [A'c/. Journ. Liot.]

ON EUMEX hydrolapathum. 49

The actual additions to my " Outline " are : —

Ranunculus intermedins, Iliern.

C. Fumaria Borroi, Jordan. C. muralis, So7ider. C. ■^Mcconopsis cambrica, L. W.R.

Viola hirta, Z. ^Hypericum anglicum, Bert. 0. montanum, L. W.R *Malva borealis, Wallm. C. Rubus macrophyllu3, Weihe. C

^Campanula rapuuculoides, L.

W.R. *Lycium barbarum, L. Ar. *Mimulu3 luteus, Willd. W.R.

Mentha alopecuroides, Hull W.R.

Prunella vulgaris, L. *Atriplex rosea, L. Ad.

Carex riparia, L.

Poa compressa, L.

Finally, I have a few corrections to make, for most of which I am indebted to my correspondents.

Carex elongata should be struck off the list at page 6 of the "Outline," as it occurs in the Adur district. Lathr(€a Squamaria, Washington, is in the Arun district, as is also Colchicum autumnale, Storrington. Twyford, under Paris qtiadrifolia, should be Treyford. For Melica nutans, p. 32, read il/". xmiflora. Ruiuex pratensis, Mert. & Koch, is the same as R. aciitus, L., according to Hooker, though I have quoted them separately. R. acutus, Sm., is the same as R. con- glomeratus. An asterisk should precede Hellehorus fcetidmy Fceniculum vulgare, and Asparagtis officinalis.

ON RUMEX HYDROLAPATHUM, Huds., AND R. MAXI-

MUS, Schreb.

Ex R. A. Prtor, F.L.S.

Theke is one point in the character of Rumex maxinms, Schreb., which seems to have been overlooked in the recent discussions on the subject, although it is noticed by Prof. Babington in the latest (7th) edition of his " Manual," and considerable stress has been laid upon it by at least one of the Continental botanists. Koch (Synops. Fl. Germ., p. 614, ed. i.) concludes his account of R. Hydrolapathum, Huds., with the remark, '^ Forma petioli liunc {R. Hydrolapathum) et duos sequentes {R. maximus, and R. aquaticus = R. Hippolapathum, Fr.), prcBter alias notas egregie distinguit,''^ and in his description he con- trasts the leaf-stalks of the two plants now in question in the follow- ing terms : — R. Hydrolapathum, " petiolis supra planis " ; R. maximus, '■'■ petiolis supra planis utrinque costa prominula marginatis.^' Meissner, in DC. Prodr. xiv., p. 47, 48, uses almost precisely the same ex- pressions, defining the petioles of R. Uydrolapathum as ^'- supra planis,'''' of R. maximus, " supra 2'>la'nisnervoso-marginatis.'" Grenier and Godron, and Boreau are also quite in accordance on this point, assign- ing to them a petiole "tout a fait plan en dessus " (Fl. do France iii., p. 39), "plan" (Fl. du Centre, od. iii., p. 554), and "plan, ou

K

50 KEW SPECIES OF AOAEICUS FROM KEBGUELF-N ISLAND.

tres superficielluraent canalioiilc, ot marj^inc " (Gr. & Godr., p. 40). " plans en deasus, mais bortU's do clia([iio cote d'lino cote saillante " (Her. I.e.) respectively. Finally, Bal)inf;;ton, whose lan<Tua?;c is perhaps intentionally harmonised with that of Continental writers, describes the petioles of it. IT>/drolapathum as " fiat but not with raised edf];es," and those of i2. ntaximus an " flat or broadly channelled above with raised edges."

The difference in the shape of the Icaf-atalk is sufficiently evident in the dried specimens that 1 have been able to examine. The petioles of it. maxinnis appear to be more quadrangular in their section, and to be more deeply stiiated, or rather channelled, and at more irregular intervals than in it. IlydroJapathwn ; they seem also to be firmer in their substance, and do not yield so completely to pressure, but retain more of their original form than is the case with the other plant. A Swedish specimen in the Museum herbarium, from the province of Upland, collected by Ahlberg, and labelled It. IlydrolapatJmm, has quite the petiole-characters here indicated for R. maximus ; the panicle is altogether immature, and does not offer any distinctive features. There is a certain amount of emphasis in the language employed by Koch, which seems to preclude any hesitation as to the solidity and permanence of the distinc^tion advanced, and whatever may bo thought of the value of the character as a specific test, it seems to be well worthy of the attention of British botanists in the living plant, whether the two forms thus separated prove to be invariably distinguishable from each other, or whether, as is perhaps more prob- able, the extremes are connected by a graduated series of inter- mediates. It is worth mentioning that from this point of view Mr. Warren's Lewes specimens are entirely it. maximiia.

NOTICE OF SOME MARINE ALG^ FROM KERGUELEN

ISLAND. By G. Dickie, M.D., F.L.S.

Thk marine Algfc ibund by the Rev. A. E. Eaton at Kerguelen amount in all to 54 sp(!cies. He has therefore added consideral)ly to the number — 37 — mentioned in the Antarctic Flora. A full report of his very excellent collection will be given afterwards. I desire in the meantime to notice briefly a few which appear to me to be un- described.

Sphacelaria corymbosa, n. sp. — Estupose, densely c£Bspitose, below sparingly and dichotomously branched ; upwards, the branclies are alternate, subpinnate, and corymbose. The specimens attain a height of two to three inches ; no reproductive organs to be seen.

Sphacelaria affinis, u. sp. — Densely cajspitose, erect, sparingly dichotomous; fruit solitary, obovat(>, and shortly pedicellate. Half an inch in height.

SHOET NOTES. 51

Ptilota Eatoni, n. sp. — Pinnae opposite, unequal ; the pinnules of the shorter pinnoe and the lower pinnules of the longer are subulate, simple, and mostly composed of a single series of large cells ; the favellcB are terminal and surrounded by an involucre of 4 to 5 pecti- nate ramuli. Attains a height of five to six inches.

Melobesia Kerguelena, n. sp. — Simple, slightly concave, attached by the centre of the convex surface ; margin smooth, sparingly undulate ; keramidia numerous, mostly in concentric lines ; substance thick and hard. Attains a diameter of two and a half inches. The colour is mostly very pale buff variegated with pale red.

DESCRIPTION OE A NEW SPECIES OF AGARIC UB FROM KERGUELEN ISLAND.

By the Rev. M. J. Beekelet, M.A., F.L.S.

Five species of Fungi were collected in Kerguelen Island during the stay of the English Transit of Venus Expedition, October, 1874, to February, 1875. The following was previously unknown :—

Agaeicus ( Qalera) Keeouelensis, n.sp.

Caespitosus, fulvus ; pileo e breviter campanulato convexo, Isevi, carnuloso ; margine tenui, striate ; stipite sequali, apice pulverulento- granulato ; lamellis distantibus, ventricosis, adnatis.

Hae. — Amongst moss in a bog near Vulcan Cove. January, 1876 ; Eaton.

Csespitose, attached byjabundant mycelium. Pileus \ inch across ; stem nearly 1 inch high, ^-f line thick ; principal gills about 12 in number, shortly but truly adnate, and not in the least degree de- current.

It is far more fleshy than any variety of A . hypnorum, to which it is doubtless allied closely ; and while agreeing, in the comparative fewness of the gills, with A . emlolus, it differs from this species in the mode of their attachment.

SHORT NOTES.

Naias FLExiLis IN Peethshiee (sco Joum. Bot. 1875, p. 297). — On the 13th of August last I accompanied my friend Mr. Robb, of "Wor- cester College, Oxford, for a few days' botanisingamongthe aquatic plants

E 2

52 snonT notes.

of the Loch of Cluny. This loch lies about midwfiy botwoon Blairj»o^rno and Dunkcld, receiving the waters of the Li)chsof Butterstone and the Lawes, and discliarging into tliat of Marlee. Its surface is 157 ft'ot above the level of the sea, and about two miles in circumference. It abounds in such interesting plants as Elatinc hcrandrn, Suhiilan'a • aqiKifica, Lobelia Dortmnnna, Nuphar lutcum, Niimphaa alha, several species of Pvtamogetoii, &c. ; and in addition Slratiotcs aloidex^ and, 1 believe, ButomusumbcUatus, though I have never found it. We found the plant \_Naias] pretty generally distributed over that part of the loch which wc examined, viz., the north-west 'side, growing on the gravelly and muddy bottom, generally along with Callitriche autumn- alts or a Chara, but sometimes in patches by itself. As seen from the side of the boat — this loch is so clear and limpid that plants may be seen and recognised through six feet of water — a patch of it looks very like Callitriche, only somewhat darker and more diffuse. One peculiarity of its gro^rth deserves to be noticed. A considerable depth of water, five feet at least, seems to be necessary to its existence, for nowheredidwefinditinthcshallow water near the edge. . . The ques- tion at once occurred to us, " Is it native ? " At first we felt disposed to doubt, knowing as we did that other plants had been introduced into the loch. It is a well-known fact that the Hev. Mr. McRitchie, who was minister of the parish of Cluny during the first thirty years of the present century, was an enthusiastic botanist, and introduced at least Stratiotes and Butomus in the loch, and Typha latifolia into a pond near the church. Of course he would not intentionally, but it has been suggested that ho may accidentally have introduced it in seed along with another plant. I incline to think not. On incpiiring of Mr. Duff, the intelligent and obliging gardener at Cluny Cottage, we learned that Mr. McRitchie introduced these plants from Wales. Now when we consider how irregularly Naias is distributed over Europe — in Sweden, North Germany, and Ireland — it is just as likely to be native in the Loch of Cluny as in Wales, from which it has never been recorded. As far as we could learn, AFr. Mcilitchie never got plants from Ireland or North America, where I believe Naina is com- mon. On the whole, therefore, at present I incline to consider it one of the native rarities of the Loch of Cluny. — A. Sturrock, iu " Scottish Naturalist," January, 1876.

The Htmenittm of Aoathctis camtestris. — In illustration of the hymenium, or reproductive surface of tlie gills in the ITymenomycctes, Prof. Sachs gives a figure of the minute structure of the common Mushroom {Agaricus campestrin). But, unfortunately, the figure and description alike are far from correct. Sachs says tlie basidia in this species produce only two spores, wliilst in other Uymenomycctes the number is usually four, and the illustration is made to accord with the description. But the fact of tlie case is there are four spores produced on each basidium in Ayaricus campestris,. and this fact does not apply to A. campcutris alone, l)ut to every variety of it, and every variety of its numerous allies, of whicli the comninn IToise Mushroom A. arvcnsis) is one. Karh of the four spicules norm ally bears a spoiv, ut it is a common thing iu Agarics for the four spores to be produced

JJSTIVATION AND ITS TEBMINOLOGY. 53

two at a time, diagonally ; as the first two spores become ripe, two other and younger spores appear on the spicules at right angles with the first, and the two latter push the two former off. Sachs was evidently unacquainted with this fact ; seeing only two spores at a time on the basidia of the Mushroom, he overlooked the fact that two had already been pushed off, or were not yet produced. It is, how- ever, quite common to see all four spores produced at the same time in the Mushroom, so that there is not the slightest foundation for reducing the basidia in Agarims campestris to the production of two spores only. Le Maout and Decaisne in their " Descriptive and Analytical Botany," p. 953, correctly figure the basidia in 4. cam- pestris with four spores ; but, unfortunately, the description of reference to the basidia and the analogous organs (cystidia) is far from correct. — W. G. Siirrn, in "■ Popular Science Review," January, 1876.

Bedfoedsitiee Plants. — Mcdica(jo lappacca. As during the last year or two the Dunstable and Luton bonnet-makers have been using large quantities of plait imported from China, and known as ** Chinese plait," and as one of the habitats of Medicago lappacea is the rice-fields of Hongkong, it seems probable that the seeds of the Medicago have come over from China with the plait. — Orchis incarnata. If 0. latifolia is really distinct as a species from this (and I think not), the latter form certainly grows in Totternhoe Mead, near Dunstable, in company with Pinguicula vulgaris. Abbot gives 0. latifolia as common (though of course he may have had the yav. incarnata in view). — CuscutaEpithg- mum, var. Trifolii, has long been a plague about Dunstable, and Mr. Carruthers has published an account in the "Journal of the Hoyal Agricultural Society," vol. ix., pt. 1, of the occurrenoe of this parasite upon Swedish Turnips at Dunstable ; the parasite preys there not only upon the foliage and stalks, but the turnips themselves. — Linaria repens I have known for the last twelve years on the embankment mentioned, and the locality has been published. — Adoxa moschatellina grows in damp Iplaces on the hills east of Dunstable. — Ilelleborus viridis grows in great abundance in Whipsnade "Wood, near Dun- stable.— Aticmone Pulsatilla, Orchis ustulata, Ophrys muscifera are common at and near Barton-on-the-Clay, not far from Luton. — W. G. Smith.

€jctract^ anti 3lb^tract^.

ESTIVATION AND ITS TEEMINOLOGY.

By Asa Geay.

The term cestivation, to denote the arrangement of the parts of the calyx, corolla, &c., in the bud, as well as that of vernation for leaves in a leaf-bud, was introduced by Linnasus. He did not

54 AESTIVATION AND ITS TEEMINOLOOY.

elaborate the former subject as he diil the hitter, and the few terms given to the modes he recognised are for the most part defined merely by a reference to their use in vernation. iEstivation as a botanical character is comparatively recent, and its terminology is not yet quite satisfactorily settled. I propose to consider, 1, what the leading modes are, and 2, how they arc to be designated.

1 . In the first place, the modes of aestivation may be conveniently divided into two classes, those in which the parts overlap, and those in which they do not.

Of overlapping aestivation, only two principal kinds need be primarily distinguished, viz. : 1, where some pieces overlap and others are overlapped, i.e., some have both margins exterior and others both margins interior or covered ; 2, where each piece of a circle is overlapped by its neighbour on one side whik; it overlaps its neighbour on the other. There are mixtures and subordinate modifi- cations of these two, but no third mode.

In asstivation without overlapping, there is, first, the rare case in which the parts of the whorl or cycle never come into contact in the bud ; and secondly, that in which they impinge by tlioir edges only. There is also the case in which both margins of each piece are rolled or bent inward, and the rarer one in which they are turned outward ; and the apex of each piece may comport itself in any of these ways. But these dispositions are those of the pieces or leaves taken separately, and the terms applied to them are the same as in vernation or pre- foliation, are used in the same sense, and so are not at all peculiar to aestivation or prefloration. The like may be said of a remaining mode, which, belongs, however, to a diiferent category, that in which the parts being united into a tube or cup, this is bodily plaited into folds, or otherwiie disposed. In which case the margin of the tube or cup, or such lobes as it may have, may exhibit any of the modes of aestiva- tion above indicated.

Without further notice, then, of this last, the plicate or plaiied aestivation, and of analogous conformations of the tube or cup of a calyx or corolla, or of the disposition of each piece individually (whether revolute, invohde, rejiexed, injlcxcd, and the like) — about the terminology of which there is no question — omitting, likewise, for the latter reason, the case of open aestivation, there are left three types to deal wdth : —

I. "With some pieces of the set wholly exterior in the bud to others.

II. With each piece covered at one margin, and covering by the other.

III. With each piece squarely abutting against its neighbours on either side, without overlapping.

In modes II. and III. the pieces arc all on the same level and are to be viewed as members of a whorl. In mode I., althougli they may sometimes be members of a whorl, some parts of which haAc become external to others in the course of growth, they may, and in many cases must belong either to two or more successive whorls (as in the corolla of Papaveracea, and even the calyx of Cruci/ercc, the upper or inner of course covered by the lower or outer), or to the spiral phyllotaxy of alternate leaves.

ilSSTIVATION AND ITS TEEMmOLOGY. 55

The type of the latter, and the common disposition when the parts are live, is with two pieces exterior, the third exterior by one edge and interior by the other, and two wholly interior. This is simply a cycle in f phyllotaxy, the third piece being necessarily within and covered at one margin by the first, while it is exterior to and with its other margin covers the fifth, this and the fourth being of course wholly interior. So, likewise, when the parts are three, one exterior, one half exterior, and one interior or overlapped, the aestivation accords with ^ phyllotaxy. When of eight or higher numbers, the spiral order is usually all the more manifest. When of four or six, the case is one of whorls (opposite leaves representing the simplest whorl), either of a pair of whorls (as in Epimedmm, Berberis, &c.), or a single whorl, the parts of which have overlapped in cyclic order.

2. As to the terminology. Linnaeus in the " Philosophia Eotanica " treats only of Vernation, there termed Foliatio. For this the former term was substituted, and that of astivation for the disposition of petals in a flower-bud, introduced, as I suppose (not having the volume to consult) in the " Termini Botanici," published in the sixth volume of the Amoenitates " Academictio," 1762. I refer to it only through Giseke's edition, 1781. Here the terms are convoluta, imlricata, conduplicata, defined only by reference to the section vernatio, and valvata, unhappily explained by a reference to the glumes of Grasses, also '■' inrnquivalvis ; si magnitudine discrepant." Imbricata i9,i\iQou\Y term besides valvata which directly relates to the arrangement of petals, &c., inter se ; and the reference takes us back to something •' tectus, ut nudus non appareat," covered as with tiles we may infer. In the " Philosophia Botanica," under the section Foliatio, the definition of imbricata is " quaudo parallele, superficie recta, sibi invicem incum- bunt." This would apply either to mode I. or mode II., according as invicem is understood ; but the diagram, tab. x., 6, shows that case I. is intended. Convoluta refers to the rolling of a petal or leaf by itself, as does conduplicata to its folding; but Linnaeus gives two figures, one of a single rolled-up leaf, the other of one leaf rolled up within another.

Finally, among the modes of vernation indicated by Linnteus, there is one which it is important here to notice, relating as it does to the arrangement of a pair of leaves in the bud, and evidently quite as applicable to a whorl of a larger number of parts than two, i. e. —

*' Obvoluta, quum margines alterni comprehendunt oppositi folii marginem rectum." " Phil. Bot.," 105. Or, in " Term. Bot.," _*' pagina superiore lateribus approximatis ita ut alteram latus distinguat alteram folium."

This, as the definition and the diagram in the " Philosophia Botanica" show, answers in aestivation to mode II. It was early taken up as such by Mirbel (Elem. Phys. Veg. et Bot., 1815, ii., 738, 739), where the polypetalous corolla of Hermannia and Oxalis and the gamopetalous corolla of Apocynea. are cited as examples.

Valvate aestivation, our mode III., is rightly defined by Mirbel in the same place, and still earlier by Brown.

56 JESTIVATION AND ITS TEBMINOLDGT.

Linnocus made no use of restivatiou as a character. Nor iliil Jussicu, except merely that in his " (iencra Plantarum/' the petals of Malvaviscus are said to bo coyivolute.

In Do Candolle's " Theorie Elementaire," 1813— a still unsur- passed treatise, upon which, next to the *' Philosophia Botanica," our botanical glossology rests — neither the word a:;stivation, nor its synonym, prefloration, is mentioned, and even vernation or prefoliation is equally omitted.

But the history of restivation as a botanical character began in a work published three years earlier, viz., in R. Brown's " Prodromus Flonc Nov. HolL," 1810. The preface notes that it was first accu- rately observed by Grew. In it Brown defines only the valrate mode, " ubi margines foliolorum vel laciniarum intcgumenti invicem appli- cati sunt, capsular valvularum in modum." In the body of the work, wherever it is important, the aestivation is noted as vallate, imbricate, plicate, induplicate, &c.; and the open ajstivation {aperta) is named by him in a subsecjucnt paper.

Being the fu'st to employ aestivation systematically, and to develop its value, Brown's terminology for its modes may well be considered authoritative. And so indeed it is, as far as it goes. But he did not make one important distinction, viz., that between our I. and II. Imbricate, in his use, comprises all kinds of overlapping, that of the corolla of Apocynecc and of a Gentian, as well as tliat of a Primrose. Ho must have not only noticed the difference, but also appreciated its general importance, notwithstanding the occasional passage of the one into the other. He must have also observed that in many cases, as in Aselepias, for instance, the mode II. passes into mode III., the valvate, and may possibly have discerned that under a phyllotaxic view these are more nearly related than either is to mode I. I find, however, only one instance in which he has indicated the distinction, viz., in the character oi JBurchellia, furnished to the "Botanical llegistcr," t. 435, 1820. Of its corolla it is said : " rcstivatione mutuo imbricata contorta." The phrase is interesting, as it seems to recognise the distinction between the mode of overlapping (which is that of our mode II.) and the torsion, which only now and then accompanies it. Looking over the **Planta3 Javanicae Kariores " to sec if there is any later use, I find no instance in which Brown has occasion to speak of this mode II. ; but it occurs in the portion of his associate, Mr. JJennett, who (on p. 212) describes the petals of Soncrila as "aestiva- tione convoluta.'" Had this term been thus employed by Brown himself, and at an earlier date, I should regard the terminologj- of these tlireo modes of aestivation as settled, viz. : I. imbricata, II. convoluta, III. vahata. The first and the third are establislied beyond question, although somewhat remains to be said about the first.

But meanwhile another use has prevailed as respects the second. In Do Candolle's " Prodromus," tlie first general or considerable work after Brown in Avhich terms of aestivation are employed, this mode is almost uniformly characterised as eofitorta. I cannot at this moment trace the term to its origin. It was probably suggested by the name Contortce, said to have been given by Linn:cus to the Apocyneous natural order ; and it seemed appropriate to the instances in which the strong convolution of rounded petals, as in Oxalis, or their lobes,

ESTIVATION AND ITS TERMINOLOGY. 57

as in Pfdox, give an appearance like that of twisting, although there is no twist or torsion. But it is to just such cases, in which there is most of seeming twisting on account of the strong convolution, that the term convolute is now and then assigned in the " Prodromus "; as in the character of BtjttneriacecB, and that of Malvaviscus. The latter may perhaps be explained by the peculiarity that the petals do not uncoil in antithesis. But m ApocynacecB, in the "Prodromus," the terms convoluta and contorta are seemingly employed synonymously, or nearly so (the latter most frequently) ; at least I see no difference between the aestivation of Allamanda, said to be contorted, and that of Vinca (rosea), said to be convolute. Endlicher in this regard follows the "Prodromus." In the new "Genera Plantarum " by Bentham and Hooker this mode is most commonly designated as contorta, some- times as contorto-imhricata, rarely {Philadelphus, &c.) convoltda. I have myself, from a period as early as 1840, employed the term convolute, thinking it un advisable to have two names for the same thing, and wishing to restrict, if it might be, the term contorted to cases of torsion. Adrien de Jussieu, on the other hand, used convolute (with strict Linna^an propriety) for regular imbrication with a high degree of overlapping, thus giving two names to different degrees of the same thing.

It being conceded, I presume, that the mode II. should be specifically distinguished, what name, on the whole, ought it to bear? If we follow prevalent usage, contorta will be the term. But this term was unknown in this sense to the founders of aestivation, Linnaeus and Brown ; it correctly expresses the real state of things in only a few cases ; and where there is torsion, it leads to a most awkward way of expressing it. We have to write, ''lobes of the corolla contorted and twisted: coroUce lohi contorti et torti,^^ intro- ducing dextrorsmn ot sinislrorsum,'^ to express the direction of the over- lapping and of the torsion, which are not always the same. So that the most current name is the least appropriate. Convoluta is as good a name as can be, and its use in the present sense is not unconformable with the Linnaean use in vernation. When well carried out, three or five or more petals, as the case may be, are simply rolled up together. When the overlapping is slight, there is simply the tendency to con- volution. But if, as in other nomenclature, priority gives a paramount claim, obvoluta will be the proper term, beginning as it did with Linnaeus for vernation, and taken up, as it was very early, by Mirbel for aestivation. The only objections to it are, first, that it has never come into systematic use, and, second, that ob, in the composition of botanical terms, commonly stands for obversely or inversely. But obvoluta is not burdened with this signification : it is classical for " wrapped round," as is convoluta for rolled together. I conclude that one or the other of these two terms ought to be used.

Finally, although there is little, if any, practical misuse, there is some mis-definition, of the term imbricate as applied to aestivation. Adrien de Jussieu defines it well (in " Cours Elementaire," 308) in the

* 1 note with satisfaction that Bentham and Hooker use these terms to signify from left to right, or from right to left, of a person supposed to stand outside of the closed bud, which is surely the natural position of the observer.

58 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

phrase " La pr^floraison spiralo est aussi nommi' imhriquee " ; antl in noting that when the number stops at five, the pieces fall into two exterior, two interior, and one (the third in the spiral) intcrmodiate, this making what is called astivatio quincuncialis* This is clear and to the point. lint other authors have had a fancy for distinguishing hctween (juincuncial and imbricate (as if the former were not the typical case of the latter when the parts are five), and so have had to devise something else to answer to imbricate. Alphonse l)e Candolle (in his Introd. Bot., i, 154, written before phyllotavy was well under- stood), after relegating imhricative to the category of a crowd of verticils, and remarking that the quincuncial is sometimes confounded with the imbricate, adds : some confound also under this latter name the case in which there is one exterior piece, one interior, and thn^e covered at one margin but free at the other. I know not where this began ; but its latest reproduction is in Le Maout and Decaisne's Traitc General, and in the English translation of it. In the diagram the pieces are numbered directly round the circle from 1 to 5, the tifth coming next the first : '* so they thus com])lete one turn of a spiral " — which shows that Le Maout had vague ideas of phyllotaxy, of which he seems to have invented a new {\) order. Moreover this is essentially identical with the cochlear a)stivation of the same work (not of Ijindley) ; and Eichler, in his " lUUthendiagramme," adopts this name (unsuitable though it be) for this particular arrangement, whatever be the position of the enclosed or enclosing petal. A glance shows that this supposed " true imbricate aestivation " is a slight and not very uncommon deviation (by the displacement of what should be the interior margin of one of the petals during growth) of the mode II., variously termed obvolute, convolute, or contorted {estivation. Jiut it is 80 intermediate between this and the quiucuncially imbricate as perhaps to justify Brown in applying the name imbricate generically to all the overlapping modes. I see, since the above was written, that Eichler, in his " Bliithendiagramme," in ettect does this. I find also that Eichler uniformly employs the term convolute, or convolittive, as I liave done, instead of contorted. I should hope, rather than imme- diately expect, that this use would become general. — [From the ** American Journal of Science and Arts," vol. x., Nov., 1875.]

^15oticc^ of 23oohj3f.

FlantcB AbyssiniciC collectionin nnpcrrimoi (a. 1803-8) schimpename enumcrnUc [Compositaj], auctorc \V. Vatke. [Linmoa xxxix., pp. 475-518 (1875).]

The distribution of the sets of this collection of Schimper's Abyssi- nian plants was made by Mr. J. J. Iicnnett in the year 1809 from the British Museum, where he deposited a very rich set, accompanied by

* The name quincuncial answers the purpose after definition, and has long been in use ; but this arrangement in diagram is wholly unlike tho qnincuHx, with its four pieces or btiirs in the periphery, or at the angles of a square, and one in the centre.

NOTICiOS OV BOOES. 59

the original tickets of Schimper, with his manuscript numbers and notes. The specimens were gathered in the Abyssinian provinces of Tigre and Amhara, mostly in the former province, and in the years 1862 and 1863. Schimper himself sent also in the year 1869 a full set to the Royal Herbarium at Berlin ; and it is from this set that Vatke elaborated the above-cited paper, which comprises notes of localities, altitudes, vernacular names, economic uses, and dates, such as are found on the original tickets in the British Museum, and in most cases, if not in all, identical with them.

For the purpose of his determinations Vatke was unfortunately unable to consult Achillc Richard's " Tentamen Flora) Abyssinica?," the first volume of which, published at Paris in 1847, contains the order of the Composita), inasmuch as he failed to find this French book in the Royal Library at Berlin, and he was therefore compelled to take the descriptions of Richard's species at second hand from the second volume of Walper's " Annales Botanices Systematica^ " (1852). Typo- specimens, however, of some of Richard's species appear to exist in the Berlin herbarium, for Vatke indicates by the usual sign that he has in certain cases seen authentic specimens.

For the genera Vatke has pretty strictly followed Bentham, and has accordingly transferred in detail several species into their right genus as mentioned or generally suggested in the first part of the second volume of Bentham and Hooker's "Genera Plantarum " (1873).

Besides this set of Schimper's plants, Vatke has also given in their places the numbers of the set of the j^ear 1853, which were distri- buted with names from Paris. From the total number of this latter set noted by Vatke, it would appear that the 1853 set at Berlin is scarcely so rich as that of the same set at Kew.

Professor Oliver and I have liad occasion to examine the Abyssi- nian plants of Schimper, and to determine their names, in order to in- clude them in our work on the Compositaa which we have some time ago jointly written for the third volume of the " Flora of Tropical Africa," but which is not yet published.

As might have been expected, we all agree in the determination of the majority of the species, but there are some cases where we difli'er from Vatke ; I propose therefore to give the principal instances of divergence. The majority of such cases are not at all important, being either a reference of an Abyssinian species to one not previously considered to be such, or an objection to such reference, or, in other cases, a difference of opinion regarding the range of specific variation among purely Abyssinian forms. "With regard to this latter class of cases, I do not desire to lay much stress, being fully aware what widely different views exist among very excellent botanists with regard to specific values. It has been often said that, notwithstanding differ- ences of previous education and mental constitution, workers at a large herbarium like Kew usually come to a nearly or at least fairly equivalent result on this point of specific values ; and on comparing our work at Kew and at the British Museum on Schimper's Abyssi- nian Compositse with that of Vatke at Berlin, I think that the average values which Vatke and we attach to specific characters are not very

60 NOTICES OF BOOKS.

different, althougli Vatkc and we differ consideraLly in a few cases. Thus the "whole of the Coraposittc of tho 1862-3 distribution of Schimper are assigned by Vatke to 141 species, comprised in G2 genera, while we should place the same material in 144 species, comprised in 63 genera. The following are the principal discrepancies that I have detected between Vatke's determinations and our ow^n : —

Vehnonia POLYMOKi'UA, Vatke. Under this name Vatkc treats of four forms : a. adoensis ( V. adoensis, Schultz Bip., :== V. niacroccphala, A. Rich.), jS. AMBiGUA ( V. Kotschyana, Schultz liip.), y. acckue.vs, and S. jriCKocEi'nALA ( V. alyssinica, JSchultz Bip., ^= I'eichostomiua frutico- sum, 11. Br.). Each of these forms of Vatke we regard as a di&tiuct species.

The plant (no. 1530) which Vatkc calls Veunonia iitmenolepis, A. Hick. " / " seems to us quite different from the specimens of tliis species authentically named in the Kew herbarium ; we have described it under a new name of our own.

Vernonia LEoroLDi, (ScIiuUz Bip.), Vatke, and V. Bu'Ontini, Vatke, we regard as together forming one species.

Vernonia (Cyanoims) flagellaris, Vatke, is the same as V. urticce- folia, A. liich., the type-specimens of which we have seen.

We agree in uniting Conyza SciiiMPERr, Schultz Bip., to the Indian plant C. stricta, Willd., and we add to the same C. macroruiza, Schultz Bip., which Vatke keeps distinct; though we do not associate with these the plant numbered 238, which is a Conyza, but which we do not identify with any described species.

The specimens (no. 294 and no. 436) which Vatke refers to Conyza abyssinica, Schultz Bip., we had referred to two different species, ouo (no. 294) to G. Ilochstettcri, Schultz Bip., and the other (no. 436) to C. pxjrrhopappa, Schultz Bip. ; but the species of Conyza arc critical and exceedingly difficult to discriminate.

Under the name of Conyza HocnsxETTEui (Schultz Bip.), Vatke treats of four forms : a. agrestis (C. Hochstctteri, Schultz Bip.), (i. PEATEKSis, y. SYLn^STRis, and 5. MONTANA (C varicgata, Schultz Bip.). We regard each of Schultz's species as good, and Vatke's forms ^. and 5. we combine to form a new species.

Blumea Bovei, Vatke, founded on the Conyza Bovei, DC, and being the B. ahyssi^iica, Schultz Bip., we prefer to call by the last- mentioned name ; at all events, the specific name of De Caudolle has been referred to Blumea by Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PL ii., 1:90.

Laggeka UETEROMALLA, F«^Z;e, is a spccics of i?m/« ; and we identify it specifically with /. Mannii, Benth. & Hook, f., that is, Vernonia (J) Mannii, Hook. f.

The plant (no. 1349) which Vatkc refers to Sru-EUANxnus angusti- FOLius, I)C., differs from it by solitary hermaphrodite florets ; it is the Oliyolepis anyustifolia, Steetz.

GNAPnALiusr aueictjlatum, a. Rich. The specimen (no. 1441) which Vatke thus names we refer to G. Pctitianum, A. llich. ; we have seen authentic types of both species, which, however, certainly lie very close together.

GNArnALiuM UL1GIN0SU5I, L. The specimen (no. 68) we refer to G. Unionis, Schultz Bip., which appears to us to be distinct from G. uliginosum, L., by the white scarious tips of itb involucral bmcts.

NOTICES OP BOOKS, 61

HELTcnRTSFM Stetidelii, SchuUz Bip.^ is called by us Gnaphalium Steudelii, Schultz Bip., and indeed is mentioned as belonging to the latter genus by Benthamand Hooker, Gen. PI. ii., 306.

HELicnRYSTJM: GLOBoscM, Schultz Bip., ji. EuoDocnLAMTS, Vatke, is //, purpureum, Oliv. et Hiern ex Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. PI. ii. 306, and may be correctly treated as a variety rather than a distinct species.

Antitueixia abtssinica, Benth. et Hooh. f. The plant (no. 1443) we make a new species of the genus, being the third species alluded to in the " Genera Plantarum."

Inula arbuscula, Del. The plant (no. 613) we refer to 1. confer - tiflora, A. Bich., as well as that (no. 1474) so referred to by Vatke.

SiEGESBECKiA oRiENTALis, L., var., Vatke. The plant (no. 519) we regard as a new species of SigeshecJcia.

Coreopsis prestinaria, SchuUz Bip. Wo agree as to the plant numbered 429 ; but those numbered 71 and 1423 we refer to C. macr antha, Schultz Bip.

Coreopsis abyssinica, SchuUz Bip., forma latisecta. This plant (no. 329) we regard as a new species of this genus.

Cineraria grandiflora, Vatke. This plant (no. 1517) we had treated as a variety of C. abyssinica, Schultz Bip., differing from the type of the species by the presence of large ligules to the ray- florets.

Senecio iEGYPTius, Z. "Wo do not agree in uniting S. pinnatipar- titus, Schultz Bip., to the Linnean species, and retain Schultz's name for the plant numbered 635.

Senecio gattatensis, Vathe, does not appear to us to differ specifi- cally from S. vulgaris, L.

Senecio coneertus, SchuUz Bip. "We agree in so naming the plant numbered 1521, but that numbered 1532 we consider to be a new species of Senecio.

Senecio nanus, Schultz Bip. "We follow Bentham and Hooker, Gen. PL ii., 451, in referring this species to the genus Werneria.

Cnicus cham^cephalus, Vathe (no. 1412), is a species of Car- dmis.

Centaurea vaeians, a. Rich. "We retain C. abyssinica, Schultz Bip., as a distinct species, not as a variety of Richard's species.

In a few cases the specimens that we have seen have been too im- perfect for us to feel quite sure of their species, but in some state or other we have seen nearly all the numbers quoted by Vatke. A {q\y remain to mention that Vatke has not quoted : —

205. Aspilia Kotschyi, Benth. et Hook. f. " In 'Siimpfen-Ebeno, Hamedo, 4500' iiber Meer, 14 Sept., '62."

1529. Senecio, sp. nov. " Grosse Standen ahnliche Planze am Rand der Siimpfe, 8500' iiber Meer, 1 Novbr., '63."

The plants numbered 572, 559, and 1352 are Psiadia, Gynura, and Senecio cletnatoides, Schultz Bip., respectively. These numbers are not quoted by Vatke, but specimens without number and with localities, &c., and probably intended for the numbered plants, are given.

"With regard to Psiadia arahica, Jaub. et Spach (no. 572), I may mention that this is s^'nonymous with Nidorella punciidata, DC-

62 BOTANICAL NEWS.

Prodr. v., 323 (1836), which is foimdcd on Rpccimons collected hy Hurchell (1C77, 20G1) in the Asbestos Mountains, in extra-tropical South Africa, north of the Oran<^o river ; it is also the same species as a specimen in the Kew Herbarium from St. Augnstin, Madagascar, named in Bojer's writing Psiadia linearifolia, Boj., but does not agree with the description of P. linearifolia, DC. In Peters Reise Mossamb., Bot., Steetz has given in a note a monograph of the genus ; but we are unable to separate specifically without considerable doubt liis P. dodoneeafolia from the Abyssinian plant.

In concluding this notice of Vatke's careful paper, I may add the circumstance, not given by him, that an Orohanche (no. 527') is para- sitical on the root of Gnaphalium Steudelii, Schultz Bip.

W. P. HiEBN.

Elementary Lessons in Botanical Geography. Br J. G. Bakee, F.L.S. London: Lovell Reeve and Co. 1875. (pp.110.)

This little volume consists of reprints, with slight alterations, of the articles on Botanical Geography which have been printed in the " Gardener's Chronicle " during the past year. There are twelve chapters or lessons, each containing a summary of the facts bearing on some special portion of the subject. One has been printed in our columns (1875, p. 184), and will give a good example of the mode in which the subject is treated. The bulk of the book (ten chapters) is devoted to climate and its influence on plant-distribution, a single chapter only being given to the influence of man, and another to the results of changes in the past physical changes of the globe.

The subject of the distribution of plants is so lightly touched upon (or altogether omitted) in text-books of Botany, that Mr. Baker's volume really supplies a deficiency, and unquestionably fills it in a very satisfactory manner. H. T.

25otanical ^etoisf*

Articles in Journals.

/7orrt (November, 1875). — L. Celakovsky, " On the interposition of the stamiual whorl." — C. Kraiis, " On the origin of vegetable colour- ing-matters."— F.Arnold, "Lichens of the French Jura. Supplement."

December, 1875.

Flora. — C. Miiller, " Musci novo-granatenses " {Schliephackea, gen. nov.) — K. Prantl, "Branching of the stem in some Ferns." — O. Biickeler, "Notes on a number of Carices named from abnormal states of certain species."

Bot. Zeitung. — F. Kienitz-Gerlofl", "Researches on the develop- ment of the sporogones in Livermosses" (contd.). — W. Velten, " On the development of the cambium and N. J. C. Miiller's ideas on this subject."

BOTANICAL NEWS. 63

Hedwigia.—i. Schroeter, *' On some American Uredinem "(contd.). — J. Juratzka, " Two new Mosses."

(Esterr. Bot. Zeitschr. — J. Kerner, " On the Flora of Lower Austria " (contd.).— F. Hauck, " Marine Algae of the Gulf of Trieste " (contd.). — C. Haussknecht, " On introduced plants." — J. Kerner, " Distribution of Hungarian Plants " (contd.). — E. Bock, " An ascent of Triglav." — F. Antoine, "Botany at the Yienna Exhibition" (contd.).

Grevillea. — M. J. Berkeley, "Notices of N. American Fungi" (contd.).— M. C. Cooke, "British Fungi."— Id., "A new Scotch Feziza'^ (P. coprinaria, Cooke). — F. de Thumen, " Symbolaj ad Flor. Mycologicam Australiae." — G. Davies, " Blyttia Morkii, N. ab E., in Britain." — W. A. Leighton, "New Irish Lichens." — W. Phillips, "Parasitism or polymorphism ? " — Id., "Anew British Ascobolus ^' (A. amethyst inus). — Nylander, " On Ramalina limborina, Nyl."

Bull. Bot. Soc. Belgique (xiv., 2). — B. C. Du Mortier, " Note on Scropkularia Tinantii^'' (=z S. hetoniccefolia, Tinant). — Eosbach, " Saxifraga multifida, n.s., & its allies." — J. P. J. Koltz, " Biogra- phical notice of H. J. N. de Crantz." — F. Schultz, " Observations on the * Statistique bot. du Forez ' of M. A. Legrand." — F.^Crepin, " Pri- mitise Monographiae Rosarum, fasc 3 " (contd.). — C. J. Lecoyer, " On Thalictrum'^ (chronological list of known species). — L. Errera, " Vegegation round Nice." — F. Crepin, " On some Devonian fossils " (tab. 1-6). — Rapin, " Two new Roses " {R. Mureti and R. Lereschii, Switzerland). — A. Cogniaux, "Division of Anguria into four genera."

Bot. Notiser (17 Dec). — N. J. Scheutz, "Notes on Swedish plants." — J. E. D. Iverus, "Attempt to arrange Swedish species of Tnfolium.'^ — V. F. Holm, " Excursion in Lapland and Norway.''

New Books. — A. Jaeger, " Adumbratio muscorum totius orbis tenarum," vol i., 1870-75 (Berlin, 28mk.) — M. C. Cooke, " Myco- graphia seu Icones Fungorum," part i. (Williams & Norerate,

128.).

The second part of vol. i. of the Linnean Society's Transactions (second series) contains a paper by the Rev. G. Henslow on the pre- vailing systems of Phyllotaxis, and an important memoir by Mr. Miers on the Barringtoniaceca (illustrated by nine plates), in which sixty-seven species are fully described under ten genera, of which latter, four are now first defined.

The English translation of Prof. Baillon's " Histoire des Plantes " has reached a fourth volume, containing Nyctagineae, Phytolaceaceaj, Malvaceae, Tiliaceaj, Rutaceae, and other thalamifloral Orders.

The 68th fasciculus of the " Flora Brasiliensis," published last year, contains the Amarantacem by Seubert, and completes vol. v., pt. 1, of this great work as systematically arranged.

The " Boletin " of the National Academy of Sciences, Cordova, Buenos Ayres, has reached its fourth number, and contains a very ex- tensive account of the vegetation of the province of Tucuman, by M. Jorge Hieronymus.

G4 BOTANICAL Xr.WS.

A tabular view of the plants of tlio oast coast of Lake TTiiron, ninl their distribution through noiglxbouring parts of North America, by J. Gibson and J. Macoun, will be found in the "Canadian Journal of Science " for December, 1875.

The re-issue of Sowerby and Johnson's " Wild Flowers of Great Britain" is completed; there is a supplement embodying recent ad- ditions, and the Ferns and Fern-allies.

Mrs. Leech, of Auckland, New Zealand, has published an octavo pamphlet of sixty-four pages, entitled, " Ferns which grow in New Zealand and the adjacent islands plainly described." It contains a glossary of terms, an account of how to prepare a collection, a full description of every indigenous species, and an account of its range within the islands — in short, everything that is needed in the way of literature to equip a local collector, and all for a couple of shillings. It is published by Wayte, of Auckland, and follows the nomenclature of Hooker and Baker's " Synopsis Filicum," first edition.

M. Husnot's " Revue liryologique " has entered on its third year. The cost of this little periodical, devoted entirely to Mosses and Ilepaticffi, is 5 fr. a year, payable to M. T. Husnot a Cahan, par Athis, Orne.

Prof. E. Morren contributes to the " Moniteur Beige " news- paper (Jan. 8 — 12) a comprehensive and clear account of the present condition of our knowledge on the subjects of vegetable digestion and movement. The paper was read before the Belgian Academy on Dec. 16.

Mr. Thiselton Dyer has resigned the partial editorship of the " Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science," and Mr. W. iVrcher, of Dublin, has succeeded him in the care of the botanical part of that periodical.

M. C. Miiller having completed his account of the Mosses collected by Schwcinfurth, is studying those collected by Dr. Lorentz in Bolivia and other mountainous districts of South America. Except, perhaps, that of Mr. Spruce, this collection is said to be the richest yet made in the district. M. Miiller has also received from the German traveller, Hildebrandt, some interesting African Mosses, including a new genus.

Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling died on November 19th, 1875, at Gottingeh, where for fifty-three years he had taught botany, suc- ceeding Schrader in the full professorship in 1837, He was born at Hannover 9th December, 1798, and had thus nearly completed his seventy-seventh year. In his long life he did not publish very much. His most important work, the " Ordines naturales I'lantarum,-" the result of great labour and research, appeared in 1830, and in 1824-25, in conjunction with Wendland, Bartling published an important memoir on Cape Diosmca. Other papers have appeared in the " Linnjca" and other German periodicals. A biography will be found in the " Botanischc Zeitung" for 24th December.

The death is recorded in November last of James Walker, of Mosslcy, cnie of the best of the " working-men " botanists of Lanca- shire.

1 Smith EJi.S.dfilet;

rig 12 3 Agaricus(Stropharia) caput-Medusae fr R^45 6Agariciis(HypMoma) Storea Fr.

X X

Tab 177

WGSii]itliPlS.delet]iQi. ^ ^ ^

FigHAgaricus (Pholiota) siureus Matt.

65

<0ri0mai %tticW,

NEW AND EARE HYMENOMYCETOUS FUNGI,

By Woethington G. Smith, F.L.S.

(Tab. 176, 177.)

The accompanying plates illustrate three species of Fungi recently added to our lists and exhibited at the Fungus shows at Hereford, Perth, and London. Agaricus aureus, Matt., was first found in the neighbourhood of Hereford by Mr. Renny, and the form there found has been described by that gentleman in the " Transactions of the Woolhope Club " as a distinct variety, under the name of Herefordensis. There are several very distinct varieties of this species, and Fries himself originally separated one as distinct under the name of A. Vahlii. Near Perth, however, and in the Moncrieffe Woods last autumn all the varieties of A. aureus were found, one of which, and distinct in trifling characters (notably in the attachment of the gills) from the Hereford plant, is illustrated on plate 177. A.n.oih.QT Pholiota, A. unicolor, Fr., has been found near Hereford by Mr. Eenny. Agaricus (Stropharia) caput- Medusce, Fr., has been found several times by the Rev. J. Stephenson near Glamis, and was exhibited at the last Fungus show at Perth. It is everywhere rare, and a handsome and good type of the subgenus to which it belongs. Agaricus Storea, Fr., has been found near Hereford and Perth, and exhibited at these places ; it has also been found at Reading, Weybridge, and elsewhere, and exhibited in London. It is equally handsome with the last, and an equally good type of another and allied subgenus, Hypholoma. Another interesting Hypholoma, A. cascus, Fr., has been met with by Dr. Buchanan White in Rannoch, Perthshire.

In 1873, p. 205, we published a figure in the Journal of Botany of an extraordinary new and minute species of Lacfarius, under the name of Z. minimus. Since then this unique species has been met with near Forres, N.B., by the Rev. James Keith, and identified by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley.

Explanation of Plates.

Tab. 176. — Fig. 1, Agaricus (Stropharea'i caput-Medtisce, Fr. Fig. 2, Section of ditto. Fig. 3, Spores of ditto enlarged 700 diam. Fig. 4, Agaricus {Hypholoma) Citorea, Fr. Fig. 5, Section of ditto. Fig. 6, Spores enlarged 700 diam.

Tab. 177.— Fig. 1, 2, Agaricus (Pholiota) aureus, Matt. Fig. 3, Section of ditto. Fig. 4, Spores of ditto enlarged 700 diam.

N.s. VOL. 5. [MaiicH, 1878.] V

66 ON Tin: (sknus syuinoodka.

ON TWO NEW AMARYLLTDACE^ FROM NATAL.

By J. G. Bakeh, F.L.S.

In a packet of Monocotyledons just received from the Rev. J. Buchanan, of Durban, are the two following interesting novelties : —

CvRTANxars (Gastronema) lutkus, Baker, n. sp. — Biilbus ovoideus tunicis raembranaceis. Folia 2-3 angustissime linearia glabra sub- synanthia 2-3 poll. longa. Scapus gracilis uniflorus erectus 1-2 poll, longus, Spatlia) valvoc gemina) lineares membranaceaj pollicares. Pedicolli 1^-2 lin. longi. Perianthiuin luteuni crcctum infundibularo 9-12 lin. lonjrum, segmcntis oblanceolatis dorso subtiliter 7-9-norvati3 tubo infundibulari 2-3-plo superantibiis. Stamina biseriata, 3 in- feriora ex tubo exserta, 3 supcriora limbo duplo breviora. Stylus antheras auperans, stigmatibus tribus subulatis patulis.

CrpnowEMA BucuAXAxr, Baker, n. sp. — Bulbus globosus ^-1 poll. crassus, tunicis mombranaceis supra coUum lotige productis. Folia hystoranthia ignota. Scapus brevissimus, in tunicis bulbi occultua. Spatha univalvis membranacea pollicaris ovarium amplectens, apice dentibus 2-3 linearibus rubro-tinctis instructa. Tubus supra ovarium filiformis 12-18 lin. lontjus, apice dilatato late infundibulari 3-4 liu. longo, sogmcntis ascendontibus linearibus vel oblanceolatis 12-15 lin. longis jilbidis dorso subtiliter ajqualiter nervatis H-3 lin. latis. Stamina bis(>riata, antboris 3 lin. longis, 3 inferioribua in tubi apice inclusis, 3 superioribus o tubo exsertis.

ON THE GENUS SYRINGODEA, Hook. fil. By J. G. Baker.

The genus Syringodea, in Iridaceoi, founded by Dr. Hooker two years ago in the <* Botanical Magazine," under tab. G072, upon a plant sent by Mr. Bolus from the Cape, and cultivated in Kcw Gardens, is one of great interest, as it furnishes from the southern hemisphere a close approximation to Crocus, which is confined to the North Temperate zone in the Old World. It has the same long perianth- tube proceeding from an ovary which is subtended by two long spathe- valves and produced from the centre of a rosette of leaves almost from the surface of the soil, and the same regular perianth. The flowers are not so conspicuous as in Crocus, as the limb of the perianth is less than an inch in length, and the stigma is materially ditferent, being just like that of a Gladiolus. Upon the whole it may perhaps be most safely regarded as an intermediate step between Crocus oMiS. Roinulea {IVicho- nema), which latter is abundantly represented both at the Cape and, along with Crocus, in the Mediterranean region. The original species had a hypocrateriform peiianth, with the segments of the limb spread- ing horizontally when fully expanded, and deeply emarginate, like the petals of a Stellaria. There are two other plants, of one of which there is a copious suite of specimens in the Kew Hcr1)arium, which has been described by Klatt as a Trichonema, and another gathered by

THE APETALOUS FUCHSIAS OF SOUTH AMEEICA. 67

Bowie and preserved in the British Museum, which agree with original Syringodea in all points except that the segments of the perianth-limb are entire and do not expand so fully. I would there- fore propose to modify the generic characters so as to include these, and add from one of the Kew specimens the character of the capsule, which is substantially that of its neighbours Crocus and Romulea.

Genus Stringodka, Hook, fit., Bot. Mag., tab. 6072. (Orde Iridacem. Tribe Ixie(B.) — Perianthium corollinum, hypocrateriforme vel infundibulare, segmentis 6 aequalibus obovatis integris vel inter- dum emarginatis, flore expanso ascendentibus vel patulis, tubo gracili elongate. Stamina 3, ad faucem tubi inserta, gequilateralia, erecta, limbo breviora, filamentis brevibus liberis filiformibus, antheris basi- fixis lineari-sagittatis. Ovarium triloculare, ovulis in loculo pluribus horizontalibus ; stylus tubum paulo superans, stigmatibus tubus patulis integris cuneatis. Capsula oblonga, membranacea, seminibus plurimis minutis turgidis. Herbse bulbosse capenses, foliis synanthiis setaceis duris, persistentibus, spathae valvis membranaceis, floribus parvis evanescentibus.

1. S. PULCHELLA, Hooh. fil., loc. cit. — -Bulbus globosus, 6-8 lin. crassus, uniflorus tunicis brunneis membranaceis. Folia 4-6, setacea, falcata, glabra 3-4 poll, longa. Spathae valvse lanceolatse, 6-9 lin. longae. Tubus cylindricus, 1^-2 poll, longus, superne crassior. Limbus con- color, pallide purpureus, segmentis obovato-cuneatis profuude emargi- natis, flore expanso patulis. — C. B. Spei, in campis montis Sneewlerg, alt. 4:500 pede^, Bolus, 1852!

2. S. BiooLOE, Baker ; Trichonema longitubum, Klatt in Linnma, 34, 665. --Bulbus globosus, 1-4-florus, 6-8 lin. crassus, tunicis brun- neis membranaceis secus collum 1 -2 poll, longum productis. Folia 6-8, setacea, falcata, 3-6 poll, longa, glabra vel pilosa. Spathae valvae lanceolatae, 6-18 lin. longae. Tubus filiformis, purpureus, 1-2 poll, longus. Limbus saturate purpureus, fauce luteus, segmentis obovatis obtusis integris 3-4 lin. longis, flore expanso ascendentibus imbricatis. — C. B. Spei, Somerset, Bowker!, Coleslerg, Dr. Shaw !, Grahams- town, McOwan!, Graaf-reinet, Bowker!, Fat River, Burke, 446!

3. S. FiLiFOLiA, Baker. — Bulbus oblongus uniflorus, 3 lin. crassus, tunicis brunneis nitidis duris cuspidatis. Folia 6-8, setacea, glabra, 1-1|- poll, longa. Spathae valvae lineares, membranaceae, 5-6 lin. longae. Tubus filiformis, 1 poll, longus. Limbus 6 lin. longus, lilacino-purpureus, fauce luteus, segmentis obovatis, ascendentibus, integris. — C. B. Spei, Bowie in Herb. Mus. Brit.

THE APETALOUS FUCHSIAS OF SOUTH AMEEICA, WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES.

By W. B. Hemsley, A.L.S.

So far as I am aware, descriptions of only two South American species of Fuchsia destitute of petals have hitherto been published. The first, F. apetala, was described and figured by Ruiz and Pavon in

T 2

G8 THB APETAL0U8 F0CriSIAS OF SOUTH AMKUICA.

their " Flora Peruviana," vol. iii., p. 89, t. .322. fig. b. (1802) ; and the second, F. macrantha, by Sir William Hooker, in the " Botanical Magazine," t. 4233 (1846). But tliere arc specimens in the Kew Herbarium of three, if not four, undescribed species; the whole form- ing a very distinct section, diifei'ing from the potalous series in several important characters. Indeed, were it not that the New Zealand species are intermediate in character, the South American apetalous Fuchsias would constitute as good a genus as many of those generally admitted. However, after examining the various modifications of struc- ture offered by the different species commonly referred to this genus, it does not appear desirable to separate them under different genera. The species under consideration, as far as the material I have been able to examine goes to determine th(; (juestion, are strictly and in- variably apetalous. On the other hand, the New Zealand species have either no petals or only \ery small ones. With the exception oi F. membrcmacea, all the South Ameiican species are described by collectors us climbing epiphytes or as trailing over rocks, and this may be of the same nature for any evidence we may have to the contrary, whereas the New Zealand species are terrestrial. The species of both regions possess in common the character of alternate leaves. In the New Zealand species there seems to be a tendency towards a separation of the sexes, as in some of the small-flowered petulous Mexican sjx'cies, whilst the American are apparently strictly hermaphrodite ; and the calyx-tube is more or less prominently 8-ribbed, the ribs corresponding to the lines of the attachment of the filaments. A peculiarity of some of the American species is to be leafless during the flowering period ; indeed, nos. 1 to 4 are more or less characterised by the absence of leaves when in flower.

I have seen no leaves at all of F. insignis, which all collectors described as leafless; and I have only seen uuite young ones, at the tips of the branches, of F. apetala, hirmta, and macrantha. All these four species shed their bark, and have stout warty branches bearing clusters of flowers at their tips. The other two, F. tnembr an acea and F. talicifolia, are remarkably distinct from the foregoing and from each other. They have slender branches, clothed with foliage when in flower, and axillary flowers borne throughout the whole length of the branches. For convenience I here give brief descriptions of all the South American apetalous species known to me. They are restricted to the mountains of Peru, Ecuador, New Grenada, and Venezuela. The following key will aid in distinguishing them.

Leaves large, hairy, ovate or cordate, appearing

after or with the flowers, which are clustered

at the ends of the branches.

Stamens not exceeding the sepals; sepals very

short in proportion to the tube, ovate.

Flowers 4-6 inches long, nearly or quite

glabrous on the outside . . .1. maci-antha. Flowers about 2 inches long, very hairy on

the outside 2, hirsuta.

Stamens exserted ; sepals ovate or lanceolate, half or a third as long as the tube.

THE APETALOCS FUCHSIAS OF SOUTH AMERICA. 69

Flowers sparsely hairy, 3-4 inches long ; sepals lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube ; stamens and style very much exserted . . . . .3. insignis.

Flowers sparsely hairy, 2^-3 inches long ; sepals ovate-lanceolate, one- third the length of the tube ; stamens and style shortly exserted . . . .4. apetala.

Leaves small, glabrous, lanceolate or elliptical, fully developed when the flowers appear ; flowers axillary, borne throughout the length of the branches. Leaves thin in texture, broadly ovate-lanceo- late or elliptical, borne on long slender petioles , . . . . .5. membranacea. Leaves thick in texture, linear-lanceolate,

acuminate, borne on stout short petioles . 6. salicifolia.

1. F. macrantha,'H.ook., Bot. M!ag., t. 4233. — Frutex per arborum truncos radicans, ramis crassis, cortice deciduo, foliis amplis alternis ovatis acutis integerrimis, junioribus utrinque villosis cum floribus productis, lloribus ad apices ramulorum confertis, pendentibus, 4-6 poll, longis, pedicellis brevibus axillaribus solitariis vel aggregatis, calycis tubo 8-costato cylindraceo sursum gradatim expanso, limbo laciniis late ovatis sub-obtusis erecto-patentibus 4-6 lineas longis, staminibus inclusis, ovario elongate turbinate 4-sulcato, stylo exserto basi hirsute, stig- mate capitate. — Peruvia, supra arboribus in montibus altissimis, Andimarcse, Mathews, no. 1197, Maclean, Fearce, &c. ; Columbia, Zobi.

This fine species is the only one of the section that has been in cultivation in this country. It was introduced by Messrs. Veitch, through their collector, Lobb, in 1845, and was exhibited by them at the Horticultural Society's Rooms in April, 1846. It is easily dis- tinguished from all other apetalous species by its very long flowers, short sepals, and included stamens.

2. F. HiRSUTA, n.sp. — Frutex epiphytus vel supra rupibus umbrosis radicans per anthesin aphyllus, ramis brevibus crassis tortuosis, cor- tice deciduo, foliis alternis ovatis junioribus utrinque pubescentibus, floribus pilosis parvis ad apices ramulorum confertis, pendentibus, pedi- cellis ad 6 lin. longis, calycis tubo l|-2 poll, longo superne sensim latiore, limbo laciniis late ovatis obtusis 3-4 lin. longis, stamiaibus inclusis, ovario dense piloso, stylo paulo exserto. — Peruvia, Lechler, no. 1989.

I have only seen quite young specimens of this species, but it is very distinct in its very small shaggy flowers.

3. F. INSIGNIS, n.sp. — "Frutex epiphytus, cortice deciduo, ope radicularum ad HedersB instar alte scandens, tempore florum aphyllus '' (Spruce), floribus speciosissimis " pulchre coccineis " ad apices ramu- lorum confertis, calycis tubo 2-3 poll, longo 8-costato, limbo laciniis lanceolatis 1-1-| poll, longis, staminibus styloque valdc exsertis. — In Andibus Ecuadorensibus, Jameson, Spruce. Fortasse varictus speciosa F. aphylloi.

70 THE APETAL0U9 FtTCnSIAS OF SOUTn AMKEICA.

This very handsome species appears to have been first discovered by Jameson in 1836 in the provducc of Alausi, Ecuador, at an eleva- tion of 10,000 feet, and subsequently, in 184S, near the top of the " Cuesta de Aquas," on the road to Guayaquil. With the specimens from the latter place is a note running thus: "It has no leaves, and its true habitat is on the trunks of old trees covered with moss," Spruce collected it in 1859 in mossy woods on the west side of Mount Azuay. It is very closely allied to F. apetala, of which it may possibly be a variety ; but it has much larger, handsomer flowers with longer sepals and very long exserted stamens. The true apetala appears to develope its leaves at the same time as the flowers, and the leaves of the present plant arc quite unknown ; but it is not absolutely leafless, as the scars of fallen leaves testify.

4. F. apetala, Kuiz et Pav. PI. Peruv. iii., p. 89, t. 322, fig. b.— Frutcx epiphytus villosus, cortice verrucoso deciduo, ramis brevibus A crassis tortuosis, foliis amplis (ad 6 poll, longis) alternis petiolatis

" cordato-ovatis subtus praecipue in venis hirsutis, floribus ad apices

rainulorum confertis, breviter pedicel] atis, calycis tubo H-2 poll, longo sursum gradatim cxpauso 8-costato, limbo laciniis lanceolato-ovatis 6-9 lin. longis, staminibus exsertis, stylo longe exserto. — Peruvia.

The first apetalous species discovered in America, There is no record of its having been in cultivation in tliis country, but it is stated to have been in Belgian gardens.

5. F. MEMBRANACEA, ti.sp. — Frutcx cpiphytus (?) omnino glaberrimus, ramis foliosis teretibus, cortice demum deciduo, foliis petiolatis alternis suboppositis vel tcrnatis late ovato- lanceolatis ellipticis vel fere rotundatis acutis minute dentatis

<^ tenuibus 2-23 poll, longis, petiolo gracili 6-9 lin, longo, floribus axilla- ribus sub-solitariis longe pedicellatis, pedicellis gracilibus ad sesqui- pollicaribus, calycis tubo H-lf longo 8-costato sursum gradatim ex- panse, limbo laciniis lanceolatis acutis 9-12 lin. longis, staminibus inclusis, stylo basi hirsute. — Caracas, Linden, 372, Hb. Kcw.

A distinct new species, quite glabrous in all its parts, with small thin leaves on slender petioles and axillary pendent flowers on slender pedicels. The leaves are fully developed when the flowers appear. I have seen only quite young flowers, and therefore the stamens and style may possibly be exserted in fully-expanded flowers.

6. F. sALiciFOLiA, n.sp. — Frutex epiphytus omnino nisi florcs glaberrimus, ramis foliosis teretibus, cortice persisteute, Ibliis alternis breviter petiolatis anguste lanceolatis acute acuminatis minute et re-

, mote denticulatis, subcarnosis, 2\-3^ poll, longis, 9-12 lin. latis, \ petiolo brevi costaque crasso, floribus pedicellatis axillaribus geminatis