LISTS OF SPECIES

the journal of

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Check List 11(3): 1641, April 2015 doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.3.1641
ISSN 1809-127X ©2015 Check List and Authors

Birds of the Reserva Biolégica do Mato Grande and
surroundings, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Jeferson Vizentin-Bugoni’ * **, Fernando Jacobs *, Marco Antonio Afonso Coimbra‘ and

Rafael Antunes Dias*

1 Pés-graduacao em Ecologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CEP 13083-865, Campinas, SP, Brazil

N

Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

3 Laboratorio de Ecologia de Aves e Mamiferos, Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade

Federal de Pelotas, CP 354, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil

4 Nucleo de Reabilitagao da Fauna Silvestre e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal de

Pelotas, CEP 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Corresponding author. E-mail: jbugoni@yahoo.com.br

Abstract: The Reserva Biolégica do Mato Grande
encompasses 5,161 hectares of wetlands, restinga forests
and grasslands in southern Brazil. Aiming to assemble
a list of bird species occurring in the reserve, we carried
out 21 monthly expeditions from July 2007 to March
2009 and an additional visit on October 2014, totaling
341 hours of sampling. We additionally searched for
records in online databases and museums. In total,
211 species of birds were found, compared to 223.83
(SD = 3.88) and 214.68 (SD = 4.71) species respectively
predicted through Jackknife 2 and Chao 2 estimations.
Plegadis chihi was the most abundant bird roosting in
the reserve. The area is important for the conservation
of Circus cinereus, Spartonoica maluroides, Limnoctites
rectirostris and Sporophila palustris, which are considered
threatened or near-threatened in state, national and/
or global levels. We emphasize the urgent need of
implementing the Reserva Biol6gica do Mato Grande in
order to conserve the regional avifauna.

Key words: wetlands, restinga forests, grasslands,
conservation, protected areas

INTRODUCTION

Wetlands exhibit high levels of primary productivity
and are crucial for the maintenance of the life cycles of
various aquatic and terrestrial organisms (EPA 2014).
Apart the intrinsic importance for the maintenance
of biodiversity, wetlands have considerable economic
value in terms of ecosystem services such as fishery
resources, usage as agricultural and recreational
purposes, and flood mitigation, among others (Barbier
et al. 1997). However, the maintenance of the functions

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and services of wetlands depends on the integrity of
ecological processes (e.g., decay of organic matter by
microorganisms, exchange of matter and nutrients
driven by migratory organisms such as fishes and birds
associated with water movements) within these areas
(Barbier et al. 1997; Keddy 2000). Wetlands have suffered
high rates of habitat loss and degradation and are
considered one of the most threatened ecosystems in the
world (Maltby 1991). Major threats to wetlands include
drainage, filling, conversion into urban and agricultural
areas, pollution, and overexploitation of resources. These
impacts modify wetland biodiversity (Weller 1999),
resulting in the loss of the ecological processes that
are important for the dynamics and stability of these
ecosystems (Barbier et al. 1997; Keddy 2000).

The establishment of protected areas is one of the
main strategies to prevent biodiversity loss in wetlands
(Keddy 2000). However, to fulfill their conservation
goals, protected areas must be properly implemented
and have their biodiversity known (Furness and
Greenwood 1993). Harboring 3,441 wetlands, the state
of Rio Grande do Sul, in southern Brazil, is one of the
regions with the largest number of these ecosystems in
South America (Maltchik et al. 2003). These wetlands
are potentially important for birds, not only because
they provide foraging, roosting and breeding habitat for
resident species, but also for their role as stopover sites
or wintering areas for several migrants of both Nearctic
and Neotropical origins (Belton 1994; Guadagnin et al.
2005; Bencke et al. 2007). However, bird inventories
are available only for a few wetlands of Rio Grande do
Sul (Mahler-Jr. et al. 1996; Accordi and Barcellos 2006;
Accordi and Hartz 2006; Bencke et al. 2007; Harrison et
al. 2013). Lack of adequate information on bird species

Volume 11 | Number 3 | Article 1641

biodiversity data

Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

inhabiting wetlands greatly limits the development and
establishment of efficient conservation strategies.

Located in the coastal region of southern Brazil, the
Reserva Biolégica do Mato Grande is a5,161 ha protected
area encompassing various wetland types, restinga
forests and grasslands. Despite being situated in the
Canal Sao Gongalo “BirdLife International Important
Bird Area” (Bencke et al. 2006), a region also highlighted
as an “area of extreme importance for the conservation,
sustainable use and benefit sharing of the Brazilian
biodiversity” (MMA 2007), the avifauna of the reserve
remains poorly known. The first ornithological study
in the area was carried out by Emil Kaempfer, which
collected birds around the village of Santa Isabel in 1931
(Naumburg 1935). Later, in the 1970s, William Belton
observed, tape-recorded and collected birds in this same
locality, as well as in farms that include portions of the
reserve within their limits (Belton 1994). Despite being
visited by two of the most active bird collectors in the
ornithological history of Rio Grande do Sul, a list of
birds recorded in the reserve and surrounding area does
not exist.

Argentina

Rio Grande do Sul

Atlantic
Ocean

Reserva Biologica

do Mato Grande

Figure 1. Map showing the location of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato
Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Google earth

Figure 2. Limits (yellow) of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande, Brazil.
The white lines indicate bird sampling transects in the eastern (right) and
western (left) sectors of the reserve. Source: Google Earth™.

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

Here, we aimed to list bird species occurring in the
Reserva Biol6gica do Mato Grande and surroundings.
We surveyed birds in the field and searched for
additional records in museums and virtual repositories
of voice recordings and photographs. We followed
guidelines to adequately list and document species
in avian inventories (Bencke et al. 2010; Lees et al.
2014). We also provide data of abundance for species
of conservation concern and for species congregating
in roosts within the reserve. Based on our findings, we
discuss the importance of this protected area for the
conservation of endangered, endemic and/or wetland
birds in the region.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area

The Reserva Biolégica do Mato Grande (RBMG) (32°08'
S, 52°40’ W) is a state-administrated biological reserve
located in Arroio Grande municipality, southern Rio
Grande do Sul, Brazil (Figure 1). The boundaries of the
reserve are the Lagoa Mirim to the south, the Canal Sao
Gongalo to the east, the Arroio Parapé to the west, and
grasslands and rice paddies situated on higher ground
to the north (Figure 2). The decree establishing this
protected area dates from 1975 (State Decree 23.798/75).
Although a manager has been recently designated, full
implementation of the reserve, including land use and
tenure, remains pending.

Vegetation in the RBMG is composed largely by pioneer
species established in geologically recent areas such as the
Coastal Plain of Rio Grande do Sul (IBGE 1986) (Figure 3).
Most of the reserve is comprised by freshwater marshes
dominated by various species of emergent (Scirpus spp.,
Schoenoplectus californicus (C.A. Mey.) Palla., Zizaniopsis
sp.) and floating (Pistia, Nymphoides, Eichornia, Salvinia)
aquatic macrophytes. Sarandi (Phyllanthus sellowianus
(Klotzsch) Mull Arg., Sebastiania schottiana (Mull. Arg.))
bushes are also common. Seasonally flooded grasslands
are found marginally to the marshes. Stands of Panicum
prionitis Nees and Eryngium pandanifolium Cham. &
Schltdl occur in these areas. Comparatively higher grounds
within the reserve are covered with sandy grasslands and
restinga forests. The arborescent stratum of the latter is
comprised mostly by Erythrina crista-galli L., Ficus spp,
and Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman, while the
lower stratum is dominated by the shrubby Psychotria
spp., Justicia brasiliana Roth and Calliandra tweedii
Benth. Patches of Bromelia antiacantha Bertol. are also
common in forest edges. Short segments (up to 1 km)
of sandy or muddy beaches are found along the margins
of the Lagoa Mirim. Cattle roam free inside the reserve
and illegal hunting, fishing and occasional bird trapping
also occur. Areas adjacent to the reserve are used for
irrigated rice cultivation. Small patches of eucalyptus
and restinga forests are found in these areas, as well as a

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Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

few grassland and wetland remnants.

Climate in the region is sub-humid (IBGE 1986). In
the neighboring municipality of Capao do Ledo, mean
annual temperature is 17.8°C, mean annual rainfall is
1.366 mm and mean relative humidity is 80.7% (Esta¢ao
Agroclimatologica de Pelotas 2014). The annual water
balance in the region is as follows: deficit from Decem-
ber to March, reposition in April and May, surplus from
June to September, and withdrawal in October and
November (Klein 1998). Water level in wetlands is con-
sequently lower in late summer and early autumn and
higher in the winter and early spring.

Data acquisition and analysis

Between July 2007 and March 2009 we carried out 21
monthly expeditions to the study area. An additional
expedition was carried out on 23 October 2014. Expedi-
tions lasted 1-2 days each (10-34 h of sampling effort),
totaling 341 hours of fieldwork. We surveyed two sectors
of the RBMG (Figure 2). The western part of the reserve
was visited on 13 occasions. We searched for birds mainly
along an 8.5 km transect, from rice lands bordering the
reserve to the restinga forest and sandy/muddy beaches
of the Lagoa Mirim. The eastern part of the reserve was
visited nine times. We surveyed birds mostly along a

Figure 3. Major habitat features of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande, Brazil. (a) Open grassy marsh at the transition with sandy grassland over

ancient beach ridge. (b) Sarandi bushes and tall emergent herbaceous plants such as Zizaniopsis sp. (right) cover most of the central sector of the reserve.

(c) Stands of Schoenoplectus californicus are also common in marshes. (d) Panicum prionitis tussocks and the spiny Eryngium pandanifolium dominate

the upper stratum of seasonally flooded grasslands along the Canal Sao Gongalo. (e) An E. pandanifolium (left) patch marking the transition between

wetlands and dryer grasslands in higher ground (right) along the northeastern limit of the reserve. (f) Floating aquatic macrophytes in open marsh with

restinga forest over beach ridge in the background; large trees are Ficus sp. and Erythrina crista-galli. (g) Syagrus romanzoffiana palms in restinga forest

over sandy beach ridge. (h) Muddy and sandy beaches with small sarandi bushes along the Lagoa Mirim. Photographs by RAD, except (c) by JVB.

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Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

6 km transect, from rice growing areas adjacent to the
reserve to flooded grasslands and the sandy beach at
the Lagoa Mirim. Vegetation in both sectors was over-
all similar, with a slight predominance of open marsh
with floating macrophytes in the west, and seasonally
flooded grasslands with P. prionitis and E. pandanifolium
in the east. We ensured that bird surveys covered annual
seasons equally in both sectors.

Birds were detected and identified visually with the
aid of binoculars and by recording and comparing vocal-
izations. We played-back voice recordings of secretive
species such as marsh-dwelling rails and furnariids to
ensure detection. Species detected near the RBMG (up
to 5 km from the limits of the reserve) were included
in the list. For species of conservation importance,
we also recorded the number of individuals detected
each time the species was found. We further counted
roosting birds within the reserve. Counts were made
from prominent points were individuals flying into the
roosting areas could be visualized. Records were docu-
mented with photographs (deposited at www.wikiaves.
com) and/or digital recordings of their voices (deposited
at www.xeno-canto.org). Documented records can be
accessed online using the voucher numbers listed in
Table 1. We also searched for specimens from the RBMG
and vicinities deposited in ornithological collections.
We visited the Museu de Ciéncias Naturais (MCN) of
the Fundacdo Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul, and
the Museu de Ciéncias e Tecnologia (MCT) of the Pon-
tificia Universidade Catélica do Rio Grande do Sul, both
located in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. We also searched the
ORNIS digital database (http://www.ornisnet.org) for
specimens housed in North American collections and
recordings deposited in the Macaulay Library (http://
macaulaylibrary.org). We only listed specimens whose
collection locality could be safely attributed to the
RBMG, either by a direct reference to the area in the
label or by plotting the geographic coordinates available
on the label on a map.

Scientific nomenclature and species sequence follows
CBRO (2014). Because the RBMG lies within the area of
overlap of the ranges of Cranioleuca obsoleta (Reichen-
bach, 1853) and Cranioleuca pyrrhophia (Vieillot, 1818)
and that hybridization is expected to occur (Belton
1994; Claramunt 2002), we treated all individuals of this
genus recorded in arboreal formations of the reserve as
Cranioleuca sp. We listed species considered endemic of
the Pampas and Atlantic Forest biogeographic provinces
according to Bencke et al. (2006). Threat status in state,
national and global levels follows Rio Grande do Sul
(2014), MMA (2014) and IUCN (2014), respectively. We
provided detailed information of our records for species
of conservation concern and/or birds with poorly known
distributions in Rio Grande do Sul. We considered the
record of a given species for the RBMG a distributional

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novelty within Rio Grande do Sul when the nearest
state record provided in Belton (1994), Mahler-Jr. et
al. (1996), Dias and Mauricio (1998), Mauricio and Dias
(1996, 2000) and Bencke et al. (2003) lies over 100 km
from the limits of the reserve. We also considered dis-
tributional novelties species known from less than five
localities in southern Rio Grande do Sul (i.e., south of
31° S) according to these same sources.

In order to assess sampling completeness, we used
the second-order Jackknife and Chao species richness
estimators (Gotelli and Colwell 2010). We chose these
estimators because our data was incidence-based and
because they outperform other estimators in terms of
error and accuracy (Gotelli and Colwell 2010). We con-
sidered each visit to the area as a sampling unit and used
the incidence of each species in our full sample of 22 vis-
its to estimate richness. We ran analyses in EstimateS
9.1.0 (Colwell 2013).

RESULTS
Species richness

We listed 211 species of birds for the RBMG region,
205 of which were recorded by us in the field within the
limits of the reserve (Table 1). We detected Rhea ameri-
cana (Linnaeus, 1758), Porphyrio martinicus (Linnaeus,
1766), Anthus furcatus d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837 and
Sporophila ruficollis Cabanis, 1851 solely in the vicinities
of the reserve. Fulica armillata Vieillot, 1817 and Asio
clamator (Vieillot, 1808) were not detected by us in the
field, but were included based on specimens collected
in the vicinities of the reserve. We provided documen-
tation for 186 species, including voice recordings and
specimens collected by Willian Belton in the 1970s and
specimens collected by Emil Kaempfer in 1931 (Table 1).

Species richness was estimated at 223.83 (SD = 3.88)
and 214.68 (SD = 4.71) species using the Jackknife 2 and
Chao 2 estimators, respectively. Thus, observed rich-
ness corresponds to 93.82% and 97.82% of the estimated
richness.

Distributional novelties

Records of the following species constitute distribu-
tional novelties within Rio Grande do Sul: Sarkidiornis
sylvicola Ihering & Ihering, 1907, Tigrisoma lineatum
(Boddaert, 1783), Laterallus melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819),
Pardirallus maculatus (Boddaert, 1783), Chroicocephalus
cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818), Micrococcyx cinereus (Vieil-
lot, 1817), Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788), Melanerpes
candidus (Otto, 1796), Euscarthmus meloryphus Wied,
1831, Elaenia flavogaster (Ihunberg, 1822), Icterus pyr-
rhopterus (Vieillot, 1819), Saltator similis d’Orbigny &
Lafresnaye, 1837, S. ruficollis, Sporophila cinnamomea
(Lafresnaye, 1839), and Euphonia chlorotica (Linnaeus,
1766). Records of poorly known species in Rio Grande do
Sul are detailed below, with the exception of S. ruficollis

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Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

Table 1. List of bird species recorded in the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil, with conservation status,

endemism and voucher details. Conservation status in state (RS, sensu Rio Grande do Sul 2014), national (Br, sensu MMA 2014) and global (Gl, sensu IUCN

2014) levels: EN - Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, and NT — Near-threatened. Endemism (sensu Bencke et al. 2006): Pampas — Pa, and Atlantic Forest — AF.

Museum acronyms: AMNH - American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA, MCN - Museu de Ciéncias Naturais, Fundacao Zoobotanica do Rio

Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.

Status
RHEIFORMES Forbes, 1884
Rheidae Bonaparte, 1849
Rhea americana (Linnaeus, 1758) NT (Gl)
TINAMIFORMES Huxley, 1872
Tinamidae Gray, 1840
Nothura maculosa (Temminck, 1815)
ANSERIFORMES Linnaeus, 1758
Anhimidae Stejneger, 1885
Chauna torquata (Oken, 1816)
Anatidae Leach, 1820
Dendrocygna bicolor (Vieillot, 1816)
Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766)
Cygnus melancoryphus (Molina, 1782)
Coscoroba coscoroba (Molina, 1782)
Sarkidiornis sylvicola |hering & Ihering, 1907
Callonetta leucophrys (Vieillot, 1816)
Amazonetta brasiliensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Anas flavirostris Vieillot, 1816
Anas georgica Gmelin, 1789
Anas versicolor Vieillot, 1816
Netta peposaca (Vieillot, 1816)
PODICIPEDIFORMES Firbringer, 1888
Podicipedidae Bonaparte, 1831
Rollandia rolland (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)
Podilymbus podiceps (Linnaeus, 1758)
Podicephorus major (Boddaert, 1783)
PHOENICOPTERIFORMES Firbringer, 1888
Phoenicopteridae Bonaparte, 1831
Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1782 NT (Gl)
CICONIIFORMES Bonaparte, 1854
Ciconiidae Sundevall, 1836
Ciconia maguari (Gmelin, 1789)
Mycteria americana Linnaeus, 1758
SULIFORMES Sharpe, 1891
Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach, 1849
Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Gmelin, 1789)
PELECANIFORMES Sharpe, 1891
Ardeidae Leach, 1820
Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783)
Botaurus pinnatus (Wagler, 1829)
Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758)
Butorides striata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bubulcus ibis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Ardea cocoi Linnaeus, 1766
Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758
Syrigma sibilatrix (Temminck, 1824)
Egretta thula (Molina, 1782)
Threskiornithidae Poche, 1904
Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817)
Phimosus infuscatus (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Theristicus caerulescens (Vieillot, 1817)
Platalea ajaja Linnaeus, 1758
CATHARTIFORMES Seebohm, 1890
Cathartidae Lafresnaye, 1839
Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758)
Cathartes burrovianus Cassin, 1845

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

Photo Voice Specimen

AMNH321725

wikiaves.com/1497830

wikiaves.com/1502834 macaulaylibrary.org/audio/18847 AMNH321726

wikiaves.com/1115552
wikiaves.com/1503468
wikiaves.com/1500346
wikiaves.com/1118366
wikiaves.com/1150786
wikiaves.com/1 138368
wikiaves.com/1 135087
xeno-canto.org/22557
xeno-canto.org/20597
wikiaves.com/1496641
xeno-canto.org/23277

wikiaves.com/1019623
wikiaves.com/1118758
wikiaves.com/1503473

wikiaves.com/1147599

wikiaves.com/1139326
wikiaves.com/1115548

wikiaves.com/1509170 AMNH321801

wikiaves.com/1497891

wikiaves.com/1 137437 AMNH321789; AMNH321790; AMNH321791
wikiaves.com/1 137436

wikiaves.com/1 137433

wikiaves.com/1136405

wikiaves.com /1497926

wikiaves.com/1506344

wikiaves.com/1115555 MCN366; MCN369

wikiaves.com/1 147598 AMNH321775; AMNH321776; AMNH321777;
AMNH321778; AMNH321779

wikiaves.com/1153857
wikiaves.com/1502828

wikiaves.com/1114183

Continued

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Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

Table 1. Continued.

Status
ACCIPITRIFORMES Bonaparte, 1831
Accipitridae Vigors, 1824

Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816 VU
(Br, RS)

Circus buffoni (Gmelin, 1788)
Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817)
Heterospizias meridionalis (Latham, 1790)
Urubitinga urubitinga (Gmelin, 1788)
Rupornis magnirostris (Gmelin, 1788)
GRUIFORMES Bonaparte, 1854
Aramidae Bonaparte, 1852

Aramus guarauna (Linnaeus, 1766)
Rallidae Rafinesque, 1815

Aramides ypecaha (Vieillot, 1819)
Laterallus melanophaius (Vieillot, 1819)
Pardirallus maculatus (Boddaert, 1783)
Pardirallus sanguinolentus (Swainson, 1837)
Gallinula galeata (Lichtenstein, 1818)
Gallinula melanops (Vieillot, 1819)
Porphyrio martinicus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Fulica armillata Vieillot, 1817

Fulica rufifrons Philippi & Landbeck, 1861
Fulica leucoptera Vieillot, 1817
CHARADRIIFORMES Huxley, 1867
Charadriidae Leach, 1820

Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782)

Pluvialis dominica (Statius Muller, 1776)
Charadrius semipalmatus Bonaparte, 1825
Charadrius collaris Vieillot, 1818
Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein, 1823
Haematopodidae Bonaparte, 1838
Haematopus palliatus Temminck, 1820
Recurvirostridae Bonaparte, 1831
Himantopus melanurus Vieillot, 1817
Scolopacidae Rafinesque, 1815
Gallinago paraguaiae (Vieillot, 1816)
Tringa solitaria Wilson, 1813

Tringa melanoleuca (Gmelin, 1789)
Tringa flavipes (Gmelin, 1789)

Calidris fuscicollis (Vieillot, 1819)
Calidris melanotos (Vieillot, 1819)

Calidris subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) NT (Gl),
VU (Br)

Jacanidae Chenu & Des Murs, 1854

Jacana jacana (Linnaeus, 1766)

Laridae Rafinesque, 1815

Chroicocephalus maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823)
Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus (Vieillot, 1818)
Larus dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823

Sternidae Vigors, 1825

Sternula superciliaris (Vieillot, 1819)

Phaetusa simplex (Gmelin, 1789)
Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789)
Sterna trudeaui Audubon, 1838
Rynchopidae Bonaparte, 1838
Rynchops niger Linnaeus, 1758
Columbiformes Latham, 1790
Columbidae Leach, 1820

Columbina talpacoti (Temminck, 1811)
Columbina picui (Temminck, 1813)
Patagioenas picazuro (Temminck, 1813)

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

Photo

wikiaves.com/1181956;
wikiaves.com/1503464

wikiaves.com/1506345

wikiaves.com/1147602

wikiaves.com/1141185

wikiaves.com/733901

wikiaves.com/1496628

wikiaves.com/1136404

wikiaves.com/1509174

wikiaves.com/1496634

wikiaves.com/1299241

wikiaves.com /1491719

wikiaves.com/1120863

wikiaves.com/1 134977

wikiaves.com/1161338

wikiaves.com/1149198

wikiaves.com/1113937

wikiaves.com/1120882
wikiaves.com/1181955

wikiaves.com/1491717
wikiaves.com/1153859

wikiaves.com/1118362

wikiaves.com/1 138367;
wikiaves.com/1503499

wikiaves.com/1644460

wikiaves.com/1141183

wikiaves.com/1122474

wikiaves.com/1142906

wikiaves.com/1115550

wikiaves.com/1115553

wikiaves.com /1503483
wikiaves.com/1115549

Voice

xeno-canto.org/23276

xeno-canto.org/21154
xeno-canto.org/22561

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/18876

xeno-canto.org/21152
xeno-canto.org/200410;

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/18877

xeno-canto.org/20607

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/18878

xeno-canto.org/22562

xeno-canto.org/22563

xeno-canto.org/21640

Specimen

MCN676; AMNH321774; AMNH321774

MCN361

MCN694

MCN697

AMNH321750

MCN720

AMNH321752; AMNH321753

AMNH321759; AMNH321760; AMNH321761;
AMNH321762; AMNH321763

AMNH321773

AMNH321745; AMNH321746; AMNH321747;
AMNH321748; AMNH321749

Continued

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Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

Table 1. Continued.

Status
Zenaida auriculata (Des Murs, 1847)
Leptotila verreauxi Bonaparte, 1855
CUCULIFORMES Wagler, 1830
Cuculidae Leach, 1820
Micrococcyx cinereus (Vieillot, 1817)
Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766)
Coccyzus melacoryphus Vieillot, 1817
Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758
Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788)
STRIGIFORMES Wagler, 1830
Tytonidae Mathews, 1912
Tyto furcata (Temminck, 1827)
Strigidae Leach, 1820
Megascops choliba (Vieillot, 1817)
Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788)
Athene cunicularia (Molina, 1782)
Asio clamator (Vieillot, 1808)
CAPRIMULGIFORMES Ridgway, 1881
Caprimulgidae Vigors, 1825
Hydropsalis torquata (Gmelin, 1789)
Chordeiles nacunda (Vieillot, 1817)
Chordeiles minor (Forster, 1771)
APODIFORMES Peters, 1940
Trochilidae Vigors, 1825
Chlorostilbon lucidus (Shaw, 1812)
Hylocharis chrysura (Shaw, 1812)
CORACIIFORMES Forbes, 1844
Alcedinidae Rafinesque, 1815
Megaceryle torquata (Linnaeus, 1766)
Chloroceryle amazona (Latham, 1790)
Chloroceryle americana (Gmelin, 1788)
PICIFORMES Meyer & Wolf, 1810
Picidae Leach, 1820
Melanerpes candidus (Otto, 1796)
Veniliornis spilogaster (Wagler, 1827) AF
Colaptes melanochloros (Gmelin, 1788)
Colaptes campestris (Vieillot, 1818)
FALCONIFORMES Bonaparte, 1831
Falconidae Leach, 1820
Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777)
Milvago chimachima (Vieillot, 1816)
Milvago chimango (Vieillot, 1816)
Falco sparverius Linnaeus, 1758
PSITTACIFORMES Wagler, 1830
Psittacidae Rafinesque, 1815
Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert, 1783)
PASSERIFORMES Linnaeus, 1758
Thamnophilidae Swainson, 1824
Thamnophilus ruficapillus Vieillot, 1816
Thamnophilus caerulescens Vieillot, 1816
Furnariidae Gray, 1840
Cinclodes fuscus (Vieillot, 1818)
Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788)
Limnornis curvirostris Gould, 1839 Pa
Phleocryptes melanops (Vieillot, 1817)

Syndactyla rufosuperciliata (Lafresnaye, 1832)

Spartonoica maluroides (d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, — NT (Gl);
1837) Pa

Phacellodomus striaticollis (d’Orbigny &
Lafresnaye, 1838)

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

Photo
wikiaves.com/1161340
wikiaves.com/1508310

wikiaves.com/1139328
wikiaves.com/1500347
wikiaves.com/1141184

wikiaves.com/1137434

wikiaves.com/1141181

wikiaves.com/1138371
wikiaves.com/1141182

wikiaves.com /1497824
wikiaves.com/1118761
wikiaves.com/1505170

wikiaves.com/1139330

wikiaves.com/1139329

wikiaves.com/1498373

wikiaves.com/265682

wikiaves.com/1504075

wikiaves.com/1503964

wikiaves.com/1151187

wikiaves.com/1139327
wikiaves.com/1140290

wikiaves.com/1118376

wikiaves.com/1107566

Voice

xeno-canto.org/200395

xeno-canto.org/29035

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19005

xeno-canto.org/22565
xeno-canto.org/23275

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19012

xeno-canto.org/183674

xeno-canto.org/200405

xeno-canto.org/20602

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19235

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19210;
macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19234

xeno-canto.org/23278;

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19236;
macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19237;
macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19238

Specimen

MCN835

MCN806

MCN817

AMNH321814; AMNH321816

AMNH822191

AMNH321841

AMNH321861; AMNH321862; AMNH321863;
AMNH321857; AMNH321858; AMNH321859;
AMNH321860

MCN1353

AMNH321867

Continued

Volume 11 | Number 3 | Article 1641

Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

Table 1. Continued.

Status
Anumbius annumbi (Vieillot, 1817)
Schoeniophylax phryganophilus (Vieillot, 1817)

Certhiaxis cinnamomeus (Gmelin, 1788)

Synallaxis frontalis Pelzeln, 1859

Synallaxis spixi Sclater, 1856

NT (Gl)
Cranioleuca sulphurifera (Burmeister, 1869) Pa

Limnoctites rectirostris (Gould, 1839)

Cranioleuca sp.

Tityridae Gray, 1840
Pachyramphus polychopterus (Vieillot, 1818)

Tachurididae Ohlson, lrestedt, Ericson & Fjeldsa,
2013

Tachuris rubrigastra (Vieillot, 1817)
Rhynchocyclidae Berlepsch, 1907
Phylloscartes ventralis (Temminck, 1824)
Poecilotriccus plumbeiceps (Lafresnaye, 1846)
Tyrannidae Vigors, 1825

Euscarthmus meloryphus Wied, 1831
Camptostoma obsoletum (Temminck, 1824)
Elaenia flavogaster (Thunberg, 1822)

Elaenia parvirostris Pelzeln, 1868

Elaenia obscura (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)
Pseudocolopteryx sclateri (Oustalet, 1892)

Pseudocolopteryx flaviventris (d’Orbigny &
Lafresnaye, 1837)

Serpophaga nigricans (Vieillot, 1817)
Serpophaga subcristata (Vieillot, 1817)
Myiarchus swainsoni Cabanis & Heine, 1859
Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766)
Machetornis rixosa (Vieillot, 1819)

Tyrannus melancholicus Vieillot, 1819
Tyrannus savana Vieillot, 1808

Myiophobus fasciatus (Statius Muller, 1776)
Pyrocephalus rubinus (Boddaert, 1783)
Arundinicola leucocephala (Linnaeus, 1764)
Lathrotriccus euleri (Cabanis, 1868)
Lessonia rufa (Gmelin, 1789)

Knipolegus cyanirostris (Vieillot, 1818)
Hymenops perspicillatus (Gmelin, 1789)

Satrapa icterophrys (Vieillot, 1818)

Xolmis irupero (Vieillot, 1823)
Vireonidae Swainson, 1837

Cyclarhis gujanensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Hirundinidae Rafinesque, 1815
Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot, 1817)
Alopochelidon fucata (Temminck, 1822)
Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)
Progne tapera (Vieillot, 1817)

Progne chalybea (Gmelin, 1789)
Tachycineta leucorrhoa (Vieillot, 1817)
Tachycineta leucopyga (Meyen, 1834)
Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758
Troglodytidae Swainson, 1831
Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823
Polioptilidae Baird, 1858

Polioptila dumicola (Vieillot, 1817)
Turdidae Rafinesque, 1815

Turdus rufiventris Vieillot, 1818

Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis, 1850
Turdus albicollis Vieillot, 1818

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

Photo

wikiaves.com/733922

wikiaves.com/733485

wikiaves.com/1135218
wikiaves.com/1120851

wikiaves.com/734915;
wikiaves.com/1181965

wikiaves.com/1 146752

wikiaves.com/1120874

wikiaves.com/737964

wikiaves.com/1118378

wikiaves.com/1150788
wikiaves.com/738705

wikiaves.com/1504080
wikiaves.com/1142909
wikiaves.com/1 153860
wikiaves.com/1161337
wikiaves.com/1181964
wikiaves.com/1505164
wikiaves.com/1118341
wikiaves.com/1142907
wikiaves.com/1462552
wikiaves.com/1299239
wikiaves.com/1504086

wikiaves.com/1150787

wikiaves.com/1508313

wikiaves.com/736928

wikiaves.com/1491779
wikiaves.com/1149201
wikiaves.com/1497928
wikiaves.com/1115544
wikiaves.com/1151186
wikiaves.com/1497823

wikiaves.com/1107567

wikiaves.com/737963

wikiaves.com/1496625

Voice Specimen

xeno-canto.org/21641 AMNH321886

xeno-canto.org/20604;
macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19233
xeno-canto.org/21639
xeno-canto.org/20599
xeno-canto.org/201258 MCN1264; AMNH321865
xeno-canto.org/22560

xeno-canto.org/21153; AMNH321876; AMNH321877

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19209
MCN1895, MCN1896, MCN1897

xeno-canto.org/200406

xeno-canto.org/200393

xeno-canto.org/200401
xeno-canto.org/200394
AMNH321981
AMNH321980

xeno-canto.org/24003
xeno-canto.org/201260

AMNH 321959; AMNH321960
xeno-canto.org/21642
xeno-canto.org/200404

AMNH321934; AMNH321935
macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19539
AMNH321924; AMNH321925; AMNH321926

AMNH321911

MCN1004; AMNH321920; AMNH321921;
AMNH321922; AMNH321923

MCN1009; AMNH321931; AMNH321932;
AMNH321933

AMNH321905; AMNH321906

xeno-canto.org/20609 AMNH322013
xeno-canto.org/20600
xeno-canto.org/21150
xeno-canto.org/21643 AMNH321993

xeno-canto.org/200397

xeno-canto.org/200396
Continued

Volume 11 | Number 3 | Article 1641

Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

Table 1. Continued.

Mimidae Bonaparte, 1853

Mimus saturninus (Lichtenstein, 1823)

Mimus triurus (Vieillot, 1818)

Motacillidae Horsfield, 1821

Anthus lutescens Pucheran, 1855

Anthus furcatus d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
Anthus correndera Vieillot, 1818

Passerellidae Cabanis & Heine, 1850
Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller, 1776)
Ammodramus humeralis (Bosc, 1792)

Status

Photo

wikiaves.com/1142910
wikiaves.com/1000886

wikiaves.com/1491766

Voice Specimen

xeno-canto.org/200391
xeno-canto.org/22564

xeno-canto.org/201 254;
macaulaylibrary.org/audio/20134

xeno-canto.org/20041 1
xeno-canto.org/200399

Parulidae Wetmore, Friedmann, Lincoln, Miller, Peters, van Rossem, Van Tyne & Zimmer 1947

Setophaga pitiayumi (Vieillot, 1817)
Geothlypis aequinoctialis (Gmelin, 1789)
Basileuterus culicivorus (Deppe, 1830)
Myiothlypis leucoblephara (Vieillot, 1817)
Icteridae Vigors, 1825

Icterus pyrrhopterus (Vieillot, 1819)
Amblyramphus holosericeus (Scopoli, 1786)
Agelasticus thilius (Molina, 1782)

Chrysomus ruficapillus (Vieillot, 1819)
Pseudoleistes virescens (Vieillot, 1819)
Agelaioides badius (Vieillot, 1819)

Molothrus rufoaxillaris Cassin, 1866
Molothrus bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Sturnella superciliaris (Bonaparte, 1850)
Thraupidae Cabanis, 1847

Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758)

Saltator similis d'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837
Saltator aurantiirostris Vieillot, 1817

Lanio cucullatus (Statius Muller, 1776)
Tangara sayaca (Linnaeus, 1766)

Tangara preciosa (Cabanis, 1850)
Stephanophorus diadematus (Temminck, 1823)
Paroaria coronata (Miller, 1776)

Pipraeidea bonariensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Donacospiza albifrons (Vieillot, 1817)
Poospiza nigrorufa (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)

Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766)

Sicalis luteola (Sparrman, 1789)
Embernagra platensis (Gmelin, 1789)
Volatinia jacarina (Linnaeus, 1766)
Sporophila collaris (Boddaert, 1783)
Sporophila caerulescens (Vieillot, 1823)

Sporophila ruficollis Cabanis, 1851

Sporophila palustris (Barrows, 1883)

Sporophila cinnamomea (Lafresnaye, 1839)

Cardinalidae Ridgway, 1901

Cyanoloxia glaucocaerulea (d’Orbigny &
Lafresnaye, 1837)

Cyanoloxia brissonii (Lichtenstein, 1823)
Fringillidae Leach, 1820

Sporagra magellanica (Vieillot, 1805)
Euphonia chlorotica (Linnaeus, 1766)
Passeridae Rafinesque, 1815

Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

AF

VU

(RS, Br)
EN (Gl);
VU (RS,
Br); Pa
VU (GI);
Pa

wikiaves.com/1140292
wikiaves.com/1137435

wikiaves.com/1299222

wikiaves.com/1121200
wikiaves.com/1149202
wikiaves.com/1 135085
wikiaves.com/1497934
wikiaves.com/1503970
wikiaves.com/1151185

wikiaves.com/1503501
wikiaves.com/1150785

wikiaves.com/1495884

wikiaves.com/1495885
wikiaves.com/996688

wikiaves.com/1498404
wikiaves.com/1113931
wikiaves.com/1299226

wikiaves.com/1504081
wikiaves.com/1151184
wikiaves.com/1508315
wikiaves.com/1161339
wikiaves.com/1107578

wikiaves.com/451759
wikiaves.com/1616273

wikiaves.com/455703

wikiaves.com/455683

wikiaves.com/1 140287

wikiaves.com/1501963

wikiaves.com/1495882

xeno-canto.org/200408

xeno-canto.org/201255
xeno-canto.org/200392

xeno-canto.org/200402
AMNH322088
xeno-canto.org/200398 AMNH322102

AMNH322081; AMNH322082

AMNH322092

xeno-canto.org/201257
xeno-canto.org/20611
xeno-canto.org/200403

xeno-canto.org/200407
xeno-canto.org/201259

xeno-canto.org/20608; AMNH322049; AMNH322050; AMNH322051

macaulaylibrary.org/audio/19322
AMNH322052

MCN1420

xeno-canto.org/200409;
macaulaylibrary.org/audio/20262

xeno-canto.org/200400

xeno-canto.org/201256

Volume 11 | Number 3 | Article 1641

Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

and S. cinnamomea, dealt under the “threatened species”
section.

Sarkidiornis sylvicola. Four individuals in female plum-
age were observed standing in a flooded grassy marsh
with nearly 500 Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766) on
21 June 2008.

Pardirallus maculatus. A single individual was observed
in a wet roadside with grassy vegetation on 14 Septem-
ber 2008 and in a patch with similar conditions amidst
Eryngium pandanifolium at the edge of the marsh on 23
October 2014.

Chroicocephalus cirrocephalus. A few individuals were
observed along the Lagoa Mirim, usually with Chroico-
cephalus maculipennis (Lichtenstein, 1823), on 14 field
trips covering all seasons of the year.

Micrococcyx cinereus. One to two individuals were
recorded in small patches of restinga forest from 13
December 2008 to late January 2009.

Euscarthmus meloryphus. One individual was observed
in restinga forest on 15-16 November 2008 and 13
December 2008.

Elaenia flavogaster. A pair observed in sandy restinga
forest at the northern limit of the reserve on 17 July
2008 constitutes the only record for our study area.

Endemic species

We recorded five species endemic to the Pampas
biogeographic province: Limnornis curvirostris Gould,
1839, Spartonoica maluroides (d’Orbigny & Lafresnaye,
1837), Cranioleuca sulphurifera (Burmeister, 1869),
Sporophila palustris (Barrows, 1883) and S. cinnamomea.
Veniliornis spilogaster (Wagler, 1827) and Myiothlypis
leucoblephara (Vieillot, 1817) were the only Atlantic
Forest endemics recorded.

Species of conservation concern

Nine species are threatened or near-threatened with
extinction in state (RS), national (BR) and/or global
(GL) levels. Occurrence and abundance of these species
is detailed below.

Rhea americana (GL — Near-threatened). Small groups
of 1-5 individuals were frequently observed in grass-
lands and fallow rice fields that mark the northern
limits of the reserve. This species was not recorded using
habitats within the reserve.

Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1782 (GL - Near-
threatened). A lone individual was observed foraging on
the shores of the Lagoa Mirim on 24 January 2009.

Circus cinereus Vieillot, 1816 (RS, BR — Vulnerable).
Lone individuals were frequently observed hunting in low
flight over grasslands and wetlands throughout the area,
especially during the winter. Although we did not observe
evidences of breeding within the reserve, the RBMG con-
stitutes an important foraging ground for this harrier.

Calidris subruficollis (Vieillot, 1819) (BR — Vulnerable;

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

GL - Near-threatened). We observed eight individuals
standing on the beach at the Lagoa Mirim on 22 Febru-
ary 2008, and seven birds in an overgrazed grassland on
the outskirts of the reserve on 24 October 2008.

Spartonoica maluroides (GL - Near-threatened). As
much as 25 individuals were recorded per day in tall
emergent macrophytes and grasses during the autumn
and winter. Rarer during the spring and summer. Pres-
ence of young birds and records of territorial adults
during this period suggests local breeding.

Limnoctites rectirostris (Gould, 1839) (GL — Near-
threatened). Occurs in E. pandanifolium patches that
mark the transition between wetlands and higher ter-
rain to the north and also in patches of this plant that
occur in seasonally flooded grasslands along the Canal
S40 Gongalo (Fig. 3 d, e). We estimate that approximately
15 pairs occur within the RBMG.

Sporophila ruficollis (RS, BR — Vulnerable; GL — Near-
threatened). A male with plumage corresponding do
the type morph (grey cap, chocolate throat, pale creamy
underparts and brownish upperparts; Areta et al. 2011)
accompanied by a female-plumaged individual were
observed on a roadside (32°07'25" S, 052°35'28" W)
across Santa Isabel in neighboring Rio Grande munici-
pality on 6 and 7 February 2009. Birds were frequently
observed feeding together on Paspalum urvillei (Poaceae)
seeds. Despite intensive surveys for Sporophila seedeat-
ers within the limits of the RBMG, we never recorded
this species in the reserve.

Sporophila palustris (RS, BR - Vulnerable; GL - Endan-
gered). Recorded on all expeditions between December
2008 and March 2009. This species is restricted to sea-
sonally flooded wet grasslands that occur on the eastern
border of the marsh along the Canal S40 Gongalo (Fig-
ure 3d). Approximately seven pairs occur in the reserve.
Two nests and adults feeding nestlings and fledglings
were observed. Details of these breeding records and
of the breeding biology of the species were described in
Vizentin-Bugoni et al. (2013).

Sporophila cinnamomea (GL - Vulnerable). A lone male
was observed on the eastern sector of the reserve on 13
and 19 December 2008. The same individual was pre-
sumably detected on both occasions.

Roosts

Six species roosted in large or moderate numbers
in the reserve: Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758),
Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758, Plegadis chihi (Vieillot, 1817),
Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817), Tachycineta leucor-
rhoa (Vieillot, 1817) and Chrysomus ruficapillus (Vieillot,
1819) (Table 2). Largest numbers corresponded to P.
chihi (5,000 individuals) and C. ruficapillus (4,000 indi-
viduals). Roosts were located in stands of tall emergent
macrophytes and sarandi bushes in the marsh located in
the central sector of the RBMG.

Volume 11 | Number 3 | Article 1641

Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

Table 2. Species, date and number of individuals congregating in roosts
within the limits of the Reserva Biol6gica do Mato Grande, Rio Grande do

Sul, Brazil.
Species Date Number of individuals
Plegadis chihi 15 March 2008 3,500
19 April 2008 5,000
21 June 2008 5,000
23 August 2008 1,100
24 October 2008 2,330
25 March 2009 8,795
Chrysomus ruficapillus 17 May 2008 4,000
Tachycineta leucorrhoa 19 April 2008 600
Ardea alba 10 February 2009 90
Rostrhamus sociabilis 15 March 2008 80
Nycticorax nycticorax 24 October 2008 53
DISCUSSION

Species list

The 211 species listed for the RBMG and adjacencies
corresponds to almost one-third (31.9%) of the total
number of birds included in the primary list of the
state of Rio Grande do Sul (n = 661; Bencke et al. 2010).
Species richness is also high when compared to other
wetlands in the state (Table 3). Direct comparisons of
the total number of species recorded in these areas are
hampered by a series of factors. Differences in species
richness may relate to differences in sampling methods,
especially temporal coverage, night sampling and use
of playback to detect secretive species. There are also
differences in the total area sampled and in habitats
included in each study. Areas with the highest number
of species (e.g., Accordi and Barcellos 2006) are larger
and include various types of forest and grassland
habitats adjacent to wetlands. Not surprisingly, species
responsible for the differences in richness between the
above mentioned localities and the RBMG are usually
forest and grassland taxa.

Species included in our list but not recorded in the
field (F. armillata and A. clamator) were collected by Wil-
liam Belton in the vicinities of the reserve in 1972 and
1974, respectively. Asio clamator is uncommon in the
region (Belton 1994), and may have been overlooked
during our surveys. Fulica armillata, on the other hand,
is common in open marshes, reservoirs and lagoons in
southern Rio Grande do Sul (Belton 1994), and was fre-
quently recorded in the Lagoa Mirim across the RBMG

Table 3. Number of species recorded in wetlands in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

Species Locality Source

211 Reserva Biolégica do Mato Grande __ This study

220 Estagao Ecoldgica do Taim Mahler-Jr. et al. (1996)

176 Saco da Mangueira Dias and Mauricio (1998)
210 Banhado dos Pachecos Accordi and Hartz (2006)
283 Catchment of the Lago Guaiba Accordi and Barcellos (2006)
171 Lagoa do Casamento Bencke et al. (2007)

170 Butiazais de Tapes Bencke et al. (2007)

230 Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe Harrison et al. (2013)

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

in neighboring Rio Grande municipality, sometimes
in large numbers (RAD, pers. obs.). This coot is highly
vagile and prone to local concentration (Belton 1994),
and therefore easily overlooked. Unidentified coots
observed at a distance on March 2008 could potentially
be this species.

We detected in the field all species collected by Emil
Kaempfer in Santa Isabel in the 1930s, which suggests
that local extinctions were rare or did not occur in our
study area. The only species Kaempfer collected near
the reserve (some 15 km to the southeast) and that has
been considered locally extinct is Gubernatrix cristata
(Vieillot, 1817) (Bencke et al. 2003). However, based on
information in Bencke et al. (2003), it is unlikely that
suitable habitat for this species occurred in the reserve.

Estimates of species richness indicate that sampling
effort was sufficient to detect most species present in
the RBMG region. According to distributional informa-
tion in Belton (4994), Mahler-Jr. et al. (1996), Mauricio
and Dias (1996, 2000), Dias and Mauricio (4998) and
Bencke et al. (2003), at least 27 additional species occur
in our study area and may eventually be recorded in the
reserve (Table 4). Considering information on habitat
use, seasonal occurrence and abundance of these species
in southern Rio Grande do Sul (Belton 1994; Mahler-Jr.
et al. 1996; Mauricio and Dias 1996, 2000), we believe
that Ixobrychus involucris (Vieillot, 1823) and Nycticry-
phes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816) are likely to occur within
the reserve and were probably missed during fieldwork
due to their inconspicuous behavior. Adequate habitat
for Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758) also occurs within the
reserve. In fact, we may have observed this species on a
few occasions during the summer, but since birds were
always distant and could not be safely separated from
overall similar young Pygochelidon cyanoleuca (Vieillot,
1817), we refrained from including the species in our
list. Habitat within the reserve is also suitable for Anas
platalea Vieillot, 1816, Heteronetta atricapilla (Merrem,
1841), Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758), Calidris himan-
topus (Bonaparte, 1826) and Phalaropus tricolor (Vieillot,
1819). We may have failed to detect these species during
fieldwork because of their local scarceness and seasonal
occurrence in the region (Belton 1994; Mauricio and
Dias 1996).

We were able to document 88.2% of the species listed
for the RBMG and surroundings. All species lacking
documentation occur throughout southern Rio Grande
do Sul and have been photographed and/or had their
voices recorded in nearby areas (see www.wikiaves.com
and www.xeno-canto.org).

Records for E. meloryphus in the RBMG are the first
published for the southern coastal plain of Rio Grande
do Sul and extend its known distribution approximately
300 km to the west based on the distributional maps
available in Belton (1994), Ridgely and Tudor (1994) and

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Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

Table 4. Species mentioned for the region of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande, Brazil, in Belton (1994), Mahler-Jr. et al. (1996), Mauricio and Dias
(1996, 2000) Dias and Mauricio (1998) and Bencke et al. (2003), but not detected during field trips.

ANSERIFORMES Linnaeus, 1758
Anatidae Leach, 1820

Anas sibilatrix Poeppig, 1829

Anas cyanoptera Vieillot, 1816

Anas platalea Vieillot, 1816
Heteronetta atricapilla (Merrem, 1841)
Oxyura vittata (Philippi, 1860)
PELECANIFORMES Sharpe, 1891
Ardeidae Leach, 1820

lxobrychus involucris (Vieillot, 1823)
CATHARTIFORMES Seebohm, 1890
Cathartidae Lafresnaye, 1839
Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793)
ACCIPITRIFORMES Bonaparte, 1831
Accipitridae Vigors, 1824

Elanus leucurus (Vieillot, 1818) Cuculidae Leach, 1820

Geranoaetus albicaudatus (Vieillot, 1816)
Buteo swainsoni Bonaparte, 1838

BirdLife International (2014). This species was recorded
in the 1970s in western Rio Grande do Sul and in contig-
uous regions of Uruguay in the departments of Artigas
and Salto (Gore and Gepp 1978; Belton 1994). Recent
distributional information on the birds of Uruguay
(Azpiroz 2001, 2012; Rocha 2008; Olmos 2009) map its
presence for all departments along the Rio Uruguay as
well as in San José, Florida and Canelones. The species
has also been recently recorded in eastern Rio Grande
do Sul from the Lago Guaiba catchment area (Accordi
and Barcellos 2006) north to Capao da Canoa, and in
the southwestern sector of the state along the Uru-
guayan border (Azpiroz 2012; www.wikiaves.com). Taken
together, these observations suggest that the species is
expanding its range to the south and east in Rio Grande
do Sul and Uruguay.

Records of S. cinnamomea and S. ruficollis are also the
first for the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul based on
distribution maps in Belton (1994), Bencke et al. (2003)
and BirdLife International (2014). The nearest popula-
tion of S. cinnamomea occurs in grasslands of the Serra
do Sudeste hills, some 40 km to the west of our study
area (RAD, pers. obs.), whereas established populations
of S. ruficollis are found along the Rio Uruguay, nearly
500 km away (Bencke et al. 2003; Azpiroz 2012). In Rio
Grande do Sul, both species occur in tall-grass grass-
lands in regions of gently undulated terrain, and were
never recorded in large wetlands (Belton 1994; Bencke et
al. 2003). Since our records for both species in the RBMG
may relate to vagrant individuals, we recommend that
surveys should be carried out in the Canal Sao Gongalo
region to solve the status of occurrence of these birds in
coastal Rio Grande do Sul.

The remaining species listed as distributional novel-
ties have been recently recorded throughout southern
Rio Grande do Sul (www.wikiaves.com; www.xeno-canto.

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

GRUIFORMES Bonaparte, 1854
Rallidae Rafinesque, 1815

Aramides cajaneus (Statius Muller, 1776)
Laterallus leucopyrrhus (Vieillot, 1819)
CHARADRIIFORMES Huxley, 1867
Charadriidae Leach, 1820

Oreopholus ruficollis (Wagler, 1829)
Scolopacidae Rafinesque, 1815
Limosa haemastica (Linnaeus, 1758)
Calidris canutus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Calidris himantopus (Bonaparte, 1826)
Phalaropus tricolor (Vieillot, 1819)
Rostratulidae Mathews, 1914
Nycticryphes semicollaris (Vieillot, 1816)
CUCULIFORMES Wadler, 1830

Tapera naevia (Linnaeus, 1766)

STRIGIFORMES Wagler, 1830
Strigidae Leach, 1820

Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763)
PASSERIFORMES Linnaeus, 1758
Scleruridae Swainson, 1827

Geositta cunicularia (Vieillot, 1816)
Tyrannidae Vigors, 1825
Myiodynastes maculatus (Statius Muller, 1776)
Xolmis cinereus (Vieillot, 1816)
Vireonidae Swainson, 1837

Vireo chivi (Vieillot, 1817)
Hirundinidae Rafinesque, 1815
Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758)
Motacillidae Horsfield, 1821

Anthus hellmayri Hartert, 1909
Thraupidae Cabanis, 1847
Pipraeidea melanonota (Vieillot, 1819)

org). With the exception of S. sylvicola and M. cinereus,
all are widespread and some appear to be common as
inferred from data in the WikiAves and Xenocanto web-
sites. Additional studies are necessary to determine if
these records can be attributed to range extension or
range expansion in the state (sensu Frey 2009; see also a
discussion in Dias et al. 2010).

Roosts

Tall stands of dense emergent aquatic vegetation
are important roosting places for some congregational
birds. The highest numbers of birds roosting in the
reserve were recorded from March to October, which
corresponds to the non-breeding season of the local avi-
fauna (Mauricio et al. 2013), and when the water level in
wetlands is higher. Despite the fact that large numbers
of birds roost within the reserve, we found no evidences
of colonial breeding of waterbirds in the area.

In a regional context, the RBMG is one of many
other roosting areas existent in the Canal Sao Gongalo
floodplains (Bencke et al. 2006). Although we recorded
high numbers of P. chihi roosting in the reserve, we
counted nearly 14,000 birds flying over our study area
and heading for dormitories located to the east, in Rio
Grande municipality across the village of Santa Isabel on
19 April 2008. Identification and conservation of other
roosting sites in the region is also necessary.

Conservation

The large number of species associated with aquatic
environments recorded in the RBMG, especially those
belonging to the Anatidae, Ardeidae, Threskiornithi-
dae and Rallidae families, suggests that this protected
area is important for the conservation of waterbirds in
a regional context. However, to fully understand the
importance of the RBMG for waterbird conservation,

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Vizentin-Bugoni et al. | Birds of the Reserva Bioldgica do Mato Grande

additional studies focusing on populational aspects
of waterbirds using the reserve and other wetlands in
southern Brazil are needed.

Of the nine conservation-concern species recorded in
our study area, only four use the RBMG ona regular basis
and/or have populations established within the reserve.
The RBMG is especially important for the conservation
of the endemic S. palustris, which breeds in the reserve
(Vizentin-Bugoni et al. 2013). The RBMG is also impor-
tant for the conservation of C. cinereus, which occurs
regularly, albeit in small numbers, and the endemic S.
maluroides, which apparently breeds in the reserve and
can be common during the winter. Although the popula-
tion of L. rectirostris within the reserve is not large, most
E. pandanifolium marshes in the coastal plain have been
converted into rice plantations and remaining patches
are highly degraded (Bencke et al. 2003). Therefore, the
RBMG may be important for this species at least in a
local context. Since one of the main threats to these
species is habitat modification resulting from excessive
use of fire, overgrazing and trampling in tall-herbaceous
habitats (Bencke et al. 2003; Vizentin-Bugoni et al.
2013), it is likely that the full implementation of the
reserve and removal of cattle would benefit these birds.
Control in access by fisherman, hunters and trappers
would also be beneficial, especially for S. palustris, which
is occasionally captured (Vizentin-Bugoni et al. 2013).
We emphasize, however, that the complete exclusion of
fire and grazing disturbance in grassy environments in
protected areas may lead to habitat change and loss of
grass-dependent species (Pillar and Vélez 2010). Studies
assessing impacts of cattle removal and fire suppression
upon grassy habitats and grassland-dependent species
in the reserve are therefore required.

Although individuals of the near-threatened R. ameri-
cana were not observed within the limits of the RBMG,
this species was frequent in grasslands and fallow rice
fields adjacent to the reserve. A slight expansion of the
current limits of the RBMG to the north would protect
comparatively drier grassland habitats used by this spe-
cies and ensure that more areas of the reserve would
remain free from the effects of floods. The most fea-
sible areas for expansion under this scenario are sandy
grasslands unsuitable for agriculture that occur on the
northeastern border of the reserve. Development and
implementation of sustainable cattle ranching and rice
growing practices in the buffer zone surrounding the
RBMG would further benefit R. americana. Rice fields in
the region also hold large concentrations of shorebirds
(Dias et al. 2014), and the development of sustainable
farming may help raise the conservation value of private
areas around the reserve.

The remaining species of conservation importance
recorded in the RBMG were rare and usually represented
by few individuals. Considering the known distribution

© Check List | www.biotaxa.org/cl

and preferred habitats of these species in the state
(Bencke et al. 2003), we can infer that their occurrence
in the reserve is occasional and may be even related to
vagrancy.

In short, we have demonstrated that the RBMG hosts
a large number of bird species and that the reserve is
an important area for wetland and grassland dependent
species, some of which are endemic and threatened with
extinction. Our findings not only emphasize the need to
properly manage and conserve this protected area, but
also support the indication of the region as an Impor-
tant Bird Area (Bencke et al. 2006), and as an “area of
extreme importance for the conservation, sustainable
use and benefit sharing of the Brazilian biodiversity”
(MMA 2007). Adequate conservation of birds and their
habitats can only be met if the RBMG is fully imple-
mented and effectively managed and protected. We
hope that this study serves as an initial step to guide the
implementation of the reserve.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the NGO “Grupo Ecolégico Amantes da
Natureza” and the reserve manager, Luciano Soares, for
encouraging this study and for their commitment to the
implementation of the RBMG. Vinicius A. G. Bastazini,
Camila F. Bosenbecker, Maraisa R. Braga, Eneko A.
Floristan, Andros T. Gianuca, Paulo R. Post and Helena
Venzke accompanied us in the field. Landowners Nabor
Cunha and José Sopena and supervisors Valdemar, José
and Francisco helped with housing and access to the
RBMG. J.V.B. received CAPES-PDSE grant (processo:
99999.008012/2014-08) while working on the final
versions of the manuscript. We thank Jesper Sonne
for improving the English in the manuscript and one
anonymous reviewer for critical comments on a previous
version of this manuscript. Rafael Ritter, Claudio Timm
and Helena Venzke shared photographic records from the
reserve and helped us document some species. Marcio
Repenning, Carla S. Fontana, Ismael Franz and Juan
I. Areta helped to identify Sporophila ruficollis. Glayson
A. Bencke (MCN), Carla S. Fontana (MCP) and Paul
Sweet (AMNH) assisted with information on specimens
deposited in bird collections under their supervision.
Cristiano Agra Iserhard assisted with use of richness
estimators.

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Authors’ contribution statement: JVB and RAD conceived the
investigation, collected and analysed the data, and wrote the text; FJ
and MAAC collected the data.

Received: November 2014
Accepted: March 2015
Editorial responsibility: Boris Tinoco

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